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بنام خداوند ایران زمین توانای دانای عشق آفرین Movements 5 main GHGs Air traffic increasing IATA report: . . . around 30 million scheduled air transport operations around the world annually. European statistic shows the air traffic demand growth in 2025 would be about 2.1 times greater than it was in 2003. Global CO2 by Sector Flight Cycles Aircraft Emissions Air Quality Climate Change Noise Operational Flight Cycles Different Segment Affects Operational Flight Cycles Aerodrome & Local Air Quality Delay 1) on the ground 2) in the air 1 ton fuel burn: 3.15 tones of CO2 Departure and Landing Noise: More than 100 dB Operational Flight Cycles En-route and Climate Change Aircraft Emissions at above FL300 Contrails Cirrus Cloud Result? Warming! Stop or Reduce Emissions? Int’l Protocols Sustainable Development - Economic - Social - Environment Sustainable Development Stakeholders and their collaborations 1- Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) IAC, GCAA, Serco, Skyguide, DFS, FAA, Nav Canada, Airservice Australia, etc. 2- Aircraft Operators (Airlines) Iran Air, Mahan Air, Kish Air, Aseman Airline, etc. 3- Airport Operators (AO) ACI Europe 4- Aviation Regulators ICAO, IATA, Eurocontrol, etc. 5- Manufacturers Boeing, Airbus, Fokker, etc. 6- Passengers 7- Environmental groups, local airport residence and the publics e.g Stop Stansted Expansion (UK), Friends of the Earth, etc. 8- Other groups Military, Scientist and Academics, General Aviation, Leisure Pilots, Business (tourism and travel), etc. What is solution? CNS/ATM System Trade-Offs ATM System Efficiency Solution? Continuous Climb Continuous Climb: It cost 250 kg more fuel (in average) for step-climb for aircraft to reach it’s optimum climb. It cost 300 kg more fuel (in average) to maintain non-desired level per hour. Solution? CDA (Continuous Descend Approach) Benefits are: - Reduce airframe noise - Overall noise reduction - Reduces fuel burn - Reduces CO2 and NOx Emissions Solution? Direct Route Solution? Direct Route Solution? Direct Route