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Integrated Urban Water Management – Danish and International Challenges and Solutions Miriam Feilberg, Urban Water, DHI 1. Global Urban Challenges 2. Integrated approaches – IWRM to IUWM - UN Habitat - World Bank Study - City Blueprints 3. Danish Challenges 4. Three projects for solutions: - Water in cities/Vand i Byer - CEWP – IUWM - Aarhus joint management © DHI Urban development 2005 - 2015 © DHI UN Habitat on Urban Water © DHI WHY CITIES? Cities are concentrated centers of production, consumption and waste disposal that drive land change and a host of global environmental problems and are highly dependent on other cities and hinterlands to supply materials (including water), energy, and to dispose waste. Sources: Grimm et al., 2008. Science 319 (5864), 756-760. Bai, 2007. Journal of Industrial Ecology 11, 1-6. Engel et al., 2011. World Wildlife Fund, Germany. CITY BLUEPRINTS Coastal areas and links to climate change © DHI Climate change among key urban challenges © DHI © DHI UN Habitat on challenges © DHI Some trends • Urbanization increasing • Megacities grow in developing countries • Urban centres along coast and in delta areas are very vulnerable to climate change • Cities can do well in economic growth, sanitation and water supply like Tokyo and European megacity – Istanbul • Cities face numerous challenges – but necessary unit for improved management – where things happen –need for more integrated aproaches that can include all challenges. © DHI IWRM TO IUWM IWRM based on Dublin principles: 1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment 2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels – lowest appropriate level – river basin level 3. Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water 4. Water is a public good and has a social and economic value in all its competing uses 5. Integrated water resources management is based on the equitable and efficient management and sustainable use of water. Cross-sectorial integration • Enabling environment • Institutions • Management tools Water supply and sanitation 11 Water for food Water for nature Water for industry, energy, etc. . Overriding criteria for IWRM Economic efficiency in water use: Because of the increasing scarcity of water and financial resources, the finite and vulnerable nature of water as a resource, and the increasing demands upon it, water must be used with maximum possible efficiency; Equity: The basic right for all people to have access to water of adequate quantity and quality for the sustenance of human well-being must be universally recognized; Environmental and ecological sustainability: The present use of the resource should be managed in a way that does not undermine the life-support system, thereby compromising use by future generations of the same resource. No similar definition for urban water 12 IUWM approaches – a subset of IWRM? UN Habitat: © DHI WB: Good generel planinng and management practices for IUWM • • • • • Tailored to specific and dynamic challenges in each urban area Has to incorporate different interactions among users in watershed Participatory approaches and instruments Not one-time action, but iterative and long-term process Bot institutions and processes as well as infrastructure and investments • Must be informed by sound science and technical analysis • Away from segmented, linear thinking towards more interdependent and integrated urban planning • Address todays challenges without losing sight of tomorrows needs © DHI Vand I Byer - Common international features of integrated urban management • A comprehensive resource in the hydrological cycle - quantity and quality • The urban management coordinated with resource management in the basin • Coherent framework for coordination of spatial planning and landscape planning in cities • Urban nature included as elements of the total water use in the same way as physical infrastructure • Management at the lowest appropriate level • Water has an economic value, polluter pays and the solutions are not only economic but also environmental and social – governance matters • Coordination between actors required, also basin area, most often by municipality, town or the water company © DHI Some examples © DHI CITY Blueprints 30 cities/regions have participated so far • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Algarve (Portugal) Amsterdam (The Netherlands) Ankara (Turkey) Athens (Greece) Belém (Brazil) Berlin (Germany) Bologna (Italy) Bucharest (Romania) Copenhagen (Denmark) Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) Eindhoven (The Netherlands) Genova (Italy) Hamburg (Germany) Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) Istanbul (Turkey) City Blueprints AG, 6 November 2014 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Jerusalem (Israel) Kilamba Kiaxi (Angola) Lyon (France) Maastricht (The Netherlands) Malmö (Sweden) Malta (Malta) Manresa (Spain) Melbourne (Australia) Oslo (Norway) Reggio Emilia (Italy) Reykjavic (Iceland) Rotterdam (The Netherlands) Scotland (UK) Venlo (The Netherlands) Zaragoza (Spain) Amsterdam CITY BLUEPRINTS CITY BLUEPRINTS Amsterdam CITY BLUEPRINTS Collaboration between cities matters: blue cities City Blueprints AG, 6 November 2014 21 Findings from Vand i Byer Project International IUWM experiences and Danish challenges and solutions © DHI How are we on governance – contributors to Danish policymaking – OECD governance study. © DHI Coordination at national level © DHI Mapping of local institutional responsibilities © DHI Compared to OECD – solid starting point • Overskuelig struktur • Én aktør på policy-making, mens andre har mellem to og 13 forskellige indenfor forskellige områder af vandforvaltningen, overfladevand, spildevand • Vand forankret i ét ministerium og én styrelse, gode rammer omkring koordination, både redskaber til koordination som fælles databaser og institutioner med ansvar for koordinering. • Lokal forvaltning overskuelig struktur for vandforvaltningen, men erfaringerne viser, at der er en del usikkerhed omkring fordeling af ansvar og roller i relation til klimatilpasning © DHI Sammenligning med øvrige OECD-lande • Strukturer omkring høring af borgerne, men kun i mindre omfang direkte inddragelse i beslutningsprocesserne eller opbygning af partnerskaber • Samarbejde og koordination på oplandsniveau - organisationer med ansvar for forvaltning eller koordination på oplandsniveau – to some extent. • Vejledningerne til klimatilpasning lægger op til øget, men frivillig koordination. Dette bør adresseres fremadrettet, både i forhold til håndtering af vand i byer, sammenhængene med det åbne land og klimatilpasning. © DHI Project results Danish cases © DHI 15 cases – technical challenges to improve cc adaptation and prevent flooding after extreme events. Primary extreme rain challenges Rainwater from roofs and roads 2 Flooding of roads 2 Discharge of rain water to streams 1 Flooding og private households 6 Water quality and climate change adaptation 2 Sea water intrusion 2 Total © DHI 15 Identificerede barrierer Organisatorisk: • Rollefordeling, primært mellem kommune og forsyning • Samarbejdsrelationer, kommune og forsyning • Kommunernes ressourcer og faglig viden ift. sagsbehandling • Kommunernes ressourcer til klimasikring • Ansvar og finansiering ift. drift af anlæg • Manglende eller sen inddragelse af alle aktører • Behov for præcisering omkring skybrud, klimatilpasning og overholdelse af servicemål • Planlægningshorisontens længde © DHI Identificerede barrierer Finansielt: • Finansieringsmodeller generelt • Grænseflader mellem kommuner og forsyning omkring finansiering • Vilkår for takstfinansiering • Finansiering af indsats på privat grund • Regler omkring alternative løsninger f.eks. regnbede og brug af veje, finansiering af rekreative tiltag, der kan bruges til klimasikring • Finansiering til forundersøgelser af tiltag • Finansiering af driftsomkostninger ved klimasikring © DHI Identificerede barrierer Lovgivningsmæssigt: • Spildevandsplanens binding for forsyning • Roller omkring indsats på privat grund • Lovgivning omkring veje - indsatsen på dem og brug af dem er uklar. © DHI Recommendations for better management © DHI Status efter revisioner – mange forbedringer: • Bedre håndtering af risikovurdering • Fortsat forsyningers fokus på effektivisering – tiltag først efter risikokortlægning • Samlet prioritering af tiltag • Koordination mellem kommuner • Bedre rammer for samarbejde mellem kommuner og forsyninger • Øget fokus på bæredygtige, helhedsorienterede løsninger • Opfordring til øget tværkommunalt samarbejde – frivilligt • Men – stadig udfordringer © DHI Anbefalinger for det videre arbejde med integreret håndtering af vand 1. Bedre samarbejde mellem kommune og forsyning 2. Behov for bedre samarbejde internt i kommunen 3. Klarere rammer omkring finansiering 4. Forsikring og klimatilpasning 5. Bedre sammenhæng på tværs af policy- og indsatsområder 6. Bedre sikring af samarbejde på tværs af oplande © DHI Anbefalinger for det videre arbejde 7. Bedre inddragelse af aktører 8. Udarbejdelse af et nyt skrift fra Spildevandskomiteen om risikominimering 9. Uddannelse 10. Behov for ny vandlov? 11. Behov for systematisk erfaringsopsamling 12. Behov for systematisk evaluering af klimatilpasning © DHI Are the recommendations still relevant? Do these challenges still exist? © DHI Vand i Byer – Klikker: Key technical challenges © DHI Governance challenges Continue search for solutions IUWM in China © DHI Urban Water Challenges: IUWM 46 Urban Water Problems in China Scale and pace of China‘s urbanization promises to continue at an unprecedented rate. It is an unpredictable challenge for IUWM. Urbanization & Water shortages Severe water shortage, average rainfall - 493mm,growing water consumption, urban environmental challenges 石家庄 Traditional Urban Water System • • • • • © DHI 24 May, 2017 #48 Water supply system Sewer system Drainage system Water ways Lakes and Water conservancy projects Example of of urban flooding: • • Due to the climate change, the extreme rainfalls become more frequently, especially in big cities (according to the Urban Heat Island Effect). The construction Ministry of China has organized an investigation in 351 cities in China, they found between 2008-2010, 62% cities have urban flooding issues. Among them, 137 cities have more than three times of urban flooding. Flooding caused by extreme rainfalls is a common problem in many big cities. www.dhi-cn.com Due to historical reasons, river flooding prevention standard is different from the design criteria for urban drainage system. (In general, river flooding prevention standard is about 20 years or higher, and urban drainage system is designed for 1 year or 2 year rainfall event). 1. Background 1.1 flooding events Beijing, 2007 Beijing, 2008 Urban Water Problems in China 中国的城市水问题 Urbanization & Water Environment • • • • • • • • Development of urban water system lags behind urbanization Water supply security High pollution level Pollution from urban surface runoff Negative effects of water conservancy projects on environment Concreted river bank and bottom River curves cut-off - weirs and sluice gates … Climate change What is IUWM generally? IUWM seeks to change the impact of urban development on the natural water cycle, based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental situation. One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies. Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance. © DHI 24 May, 2017 #53 What is IUWM generally? 通常意义上的城市水综合管理 IUWM seeks to change the impact of urban development on the natural water cycle, based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental situation. 城市水综合管理的目标就是,通过对城市水循环系统的整体管理来改变城市发展对自然水 循环的影响,不但可以通过实现水资源的有效利用提供经济效益,而且可以改善社会和自 然环境。 One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies. Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance. 开发城市内水循环系统是解决问题的一个实现途径,但是其设计需要对 自然流域、城市水循环现状、水平衡和城市未来规划的全面了解。 © DHI 24 May, 2017 #54 CEWP IUWM Focus areas: first technical • Urban water resources (water supply, water reuse, storm water harvesting, blue and green cities) • Urban storm water management and flooding, sustainable urban drainage system (low impact development) • Water in the urban landscape – living with the water and recreational use of water • Urban water environment, protection and pollution control • Non-revenue water and pressure management • Construction of Sponge City(LID measures Planning, promotion of construction concept and technology) © DHI Urban Water Governance • • • • Reform of management system - unified management Improving water efficiency, reducing water demand and wastewater Development of urban water cycle loop Combining of centralized and distributed domestic wastewater system • Overall city planning for integrated urban water system, LID • Solution for storm-runoff pollution • Development of IUWM DSS © DHI To sum up IUWM – Denmark and China • Recognized need for integrates solutions • Many frameworks for this exist • Developed methodology for mapping barriers and development of recommendations • Good experiences in improving governance in Denmark – we have a sound institutional framework to sell • We sell water solutions internationally - experiences from developing countries: technical solutions cannot stand alone • We must improve marketing our governance experiences and solutions as part of the Danish way. © DHI To sum up - IUWM in Denmark and globally • Recognized need for integrated solutions • Many frameworks for this exist • Developed methodology for mapping barriers and development of recommendations • Good experiences in improving governance in Denmark – we have a sound institutional framework to sell • We sell water solutions internationally - experiences from developing countries: technical solutions cannot stand alone • We must improve marketing our governance experiences and solutions as part of the Danish way. © DHI If you/we have time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsj6PZyphcw To know more about China and CEWP and to participate: www.cewp.org Miriam Feilberg ([email protected]) © DHI