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REVIEW
Muscular System
What are the 3 types of
muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
On which type of muscle
tissue would you observe
striations?
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
What type of tissue is
specialized for the conduction
of electrical impulses?
Neural (nervous) tissue
surrounds
individual skeletal muscles.
Epimysium
surrounds
individual muscle cells (fibers)?
Endomysium
surrounds
muscle fascicles.
Perimysium
What is the cell membrane
of a skeletal muscle called?
Sarcolemma
What structure is the
2+
storage site for Ca ?
Terminal cisternae
Active sites on the actin are
blocked by
when a muscle is at rest.
Tropomyosin molecules
What are the contractile units
of a skeletal muscle?
Sarcomeres
In response to the arrival of an
from the transverse tubules,
Ca2+ is released from the
.
Action potential
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
= a single
contraction?
Twitch
During contraction, myosin
heads interact with actin
filaments, forming what?
Cross-bridges
The arrival of an action potential
at the synaptic terminal releases
into the synaptic
cleft.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Put the following steps of
muscle contraction in order
from first to last:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin
Calcium ion is released from the SR
The free myosin head splits ATP
The myosin head pivots toward the center of
the sarcomere
The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and
detaches from actin
Calcium ion binds to troponin
A muscle producing peak tension
with rapid cycles of contraction &
relaxation is said to be in
.
Incomplete tetanus
What are the 3 phases of a
twitch?
Latent period
Contraction period
Relaxation operiod
A stair-step increase in
twitch tension is known
as…?
Treppe
Repeated stimulations before the end
of the relaxation phase causes
increasing tension =
.
Wave summation
(summation of
twitches)
occurs if stimulation
frequency is high enough that a
muscle never begins to relax
Complete tetanus
*produces a
continuous contraction
Increasing tension that is produced
by increasing the number of motor
units =
.
Recruitment
An
contraction occurs when the
muscle shortens in length.
Isotonic
A muscle fiber returns to resting
length by what 3 mechanisms?
Opposing muscle contractions
Elastic
Gravity
What is the storage
molecule for excess ATP?
Creatine phosphate
CP + ADP  C + ATP
contract quickly, have
a large diameter & glycogen
reserves, & few mitochondria.
Fast fibers
An
contraction occurs when
the muscle develops tension, but is
prevented from changing length.
Isometric
What is the primary energy
source of resting muscles?
Aerobic metabolism
*breaks down fatty acids;
produces 34 ATP molecules
A
helps to start
motion or stabilize the origin
of the agonist.
Fixator
What can happen to muscles
as lactic acid builds up and
they become exhausted?
Fatigue
contract slowly, have a
small diameter, contain myoglobin,
& have more mitochondria
Slow fibers
What is the primary energy source
for peak muscular activity?
Anaerobic glycolysis
*breaks down glucose from glycogen
by-product = lactic acid (forms due to
accumulation of pyruvic acid)
Name 4 of the effects of
aging on the muscular system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller
in diameter
Skeletal muscles become less elastic
Tolerance for exercise decreases
The ability to recover from muscular
injuries decreases
Center resistance between
applied force and fulcrum
Second-class lever
In which type of muscle would
you expect to find slow fibers?
Red muscle
What is the difference
between muscle hypertrophy
& atrophy?
*Hypertrophy 
increased muscle growth
from heavy training
*Atrophy  reduction in
muscle size, tone, &
power due to lack of use
Center applied force between
resistance and fulcrum
Third-class lever
Moving point of
attachment =
Insertion
.
A(n) 1 produces a particular
movment, while a(n)
2
opposes that movement.
1: Agonist (prime mover)
2: Antagonist
Center fulcrum between
applied force and resistance
First-class lever
*example: see-saw
Fixed point of attachment
=
.
Origin
What is a smaller muscle that
assists a larger muscle called?
Synergist
What two points does
myosin attach to in a
sarcomere?
M-line and titin
What does actin attach to
in the sarcomere?
Z-line
The lengthening of a muscle
is what type of contraction?
eccentric
What is the area where the
axon and the muscle meet
called?
Neuromuscular junction
What ezyme removes the
neurotransmitter Ach from
the synaptic cleft?
AChE
GOOD LUCK!
UNIT 3 TEST TOMORROW!
OVER CHAPTERS 4 and 10
STUDY, STUDY, STUDY!!!