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FOOT, AND ANKLE
An overview of how and why injuries occur, how
to help prevent them, and how to treat them.
By Mattie Weber
MECHANISM OF INJURY (HOW IT
HAPPENED, OR WHY IT HAPPENED)
An injury is either functional or structural
 An injury can be caused by tension (stretching),
compression, shearing, or bending

STRUCTURAL

A structural injury is caused by excessive stress
on the bone, by lengthened or shortened tissue, or
overuse of a muscle/ tissue
EXAMPLES OF A STRUCTURAL INJURY
Claw Toes
 Hammer Toes
 Damage to the Accesory Navicular
 Morton’s Neuroma
 Hallux Valgus

CLAW TOES

This happens when flexor digitorum brevis ( a
muscle that connects to the middle phalanx of the
toes) over powers the rest of the 5 foot muscles.
This causes extension of the middle phalanx, and
flexion of the proximal phalanx/ Distal
interphalangeal joint
HAMMER TOES
A hammer toe is a toe that is flexed at the
proximal interphalangeal joint, and extenstion of
the metatarsophalangeal joint
 There are 2 classifications of hammer toes:
flexible and rigid
 Flexible hammer toes are moveable, and can be
straightened manually
 Rigid hammer toes doesn’t have this ability;
movement can be very painful

MORTON’S NEUROMA

This is an enlarged nerve that runs between the
1st and 2nd metatarsals, and the 3rd and 4th
metatarsals
HALLUX VALGUS
This is commonly associated with bunions
 Normally occurs in the first metatarsal (big toe)
when it deviates inward

FUNCTIONAL
These injuries can be pre-disposed
 There are two stages: acute and chronic
 This could be related to the structure of the
injured area
 Fractures are the main type of Functional
injuries

FRACTURES
In a fracture, a bone is either cracked or broken
 Many types of Fractures– simple, transverse,
oblique, spiral, comminuted, segmental, avulsed,
and impacted
 The only treatment for these injuries is
immoblization of the area and rest

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbvx5DYS6tE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DS8AdZNlKoI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcqVloclNNI
SIMPLE FRACTURE
A simple fracture is one that doesn’t break the
skin; also known as a closed fracture.
 There may be bruising and swelling, but no
obvious signs of a fracture

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE

A fracture that occurs straight across the bone
OBLIQUE FRACTURE
Broken at an angle across the bone
 Usually a result of a sharp, angled blow to the
area

SPIRAL FRACTURE
A fracture where the bone has been twisted apart
 Also known as a “torsion fracture”
 Can happen when a foot is planted, and the leg
twists

COMMINUTED FRACTURE
A fracture where the bone is completely crushed
 This is a very hard thing to correct, because the
bone is in many pieces

SEGMENTAL FRACTURE
A fracture where the bone is in many different
pieces
 There are multiple fractures on the same bone

AVULSED FRACTURE
An injury to the bone where a ligament or tendon
attaches
 When this occurs, the ligament or tendon pulls of
a piece of the bone, resulting in a fracture.

IMPACTED FRACTURE
Also known as a “greenstick fracture”
 The bone “splinters” like a young green limb from
a tree or bush
 It doesn’t completely break

STRESS FRACTURES
These occur from over use of a bone
Most common in repetative motion sports (running,
soccer, softball, baseball, etc)
Occurs where the bone changes density or shape
The only way to treat this is rest and
immoblization
ANKLE SPRAINS