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Pain & Pain Management
PSYC 4080
Health Psychology
Amber M. Henslee, M.S.
Meaning of Pain
• __________ pain
– Tissue damage to the body
• Psychological/emotional pain
– Perception
• EX: hook through the arm
• Acute Pain
Stages of Pain
– Short duration
– Signals us not to do that again!
– e.g., _______
• Prechronic Pain
– Either overcome pain or develops feelings of _________
• Chronic Pain
– Long duration
– Either from injury or a chronic condition
– e.g., lower back
• Self report
Assessment
– Rating scales, questionnaires
• ___________ methods
– Behavioral assessment
• Physiological measures
– ____ (Electromyography) measures muscle tension
McGill
Pain
Quest.
Pain Rating Scales
Signs vs. Symptoms
What you can observe:
• Muscle rigidity
• Tears
• Grimace
• Groan
• Agitation
• _____________
What they report:
• Intensity
• _________
• Duration
• Better or Worse
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Pain Management Techniques
Relaxation
Biofeedback
Hypnosis
Acupuncture
TENS (____________)
Distraction
Medication - __________
Surgery
Biofeedback
• DFN = info on bodily process to learn to control it
– e.g., bp, hr, skin temp
• Electromyograph (EMG) = electrical discharge in
muscle fibers
• __________ = skin temperature
• Audio/visual signal
• Trial/error- patient changes thoughts & behaviors
Biofeedback Outcomes
• Joint pain, migraine
headache, hypertension
• Expensive technology
& trained personnel
– Relaxation & hypnosis
cheaper & easier
• NOT better for _____
• Better for migraines
Hypnosis
• __________ state
• Mesmer made famous
• Multiple DFNS:
– altered state of consciousness
– trait of hypnotizability
• Hypnotized people:
– will perform minor feats
– won’t hurt self or others
Hypnosis Process
• Relaxation
• Told it will decrease pain (_______)
• Induction = being placed under hypnosis
(distraction)
• Instructed to think of pain differently
(reinterpretation)
Hypnosis Outcomes
• Surgery, childbirth, dental procedures, burns,
headaches
• Unclear: block pain OR _________
• NOT better for low suggestible pts
• Better for high suggestible pts
Acupuncture
• DFN = long, thin needles
inserted into body
• China: anesthetic for surgery
• Expectations
– Decreases fear
– Increases tolerance
• Releases __________? (thus decreased pain)
• Better for short-term pain
Distraction
• Other activity (e.g., pledge of allegiance,
art/crafts)
• ______________
• Better for short-term, low-level pain
• Morphine
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Medication
Tolerance
___________
Good for severe pain
Poor for one who is chemically dependent
• Local anesthetics to wounded area
• Block transmission (e.g., spinal cord)
• Brain (e.g., antidepressants)
Surgery
• Cut/disrupt body’s “pain fibers”
– Periphery to spinal cord
– Spinal cord to brain
• ___________ (e.g., different neural pathways)
• Damage nervous system > chronic pain