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HOWDY AGS! Welcome to KINE 426! Exercise Biomechanics KINE 426 Dr. John Lawler - lecture instructor Clay Duval, Kumar Joshi: laboratory assistants John Lawler - support Exercise Biomechanics Traditional class name: Kinesiology KINE 426 Exercise Biomechanics Usain Bolt KINE 426 Bee Prepared! Read presentations and lab materials ahead. Take Notes during class Study Nightly Kinesiology – The Science of Movement Kinein – to move Logos – to discourse or study in a scientific manner Exercise Biomechanics Represents the human body as a mechanical system or machine Involves the application of physics and engineering principles during analysis of locomotion (walking, running, etc.), exercise, athletic activities, and rehabilitation (PT, OT, cardiac rehab.) Young discipline --> Technology Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology Exercise Biomechanics Young discipline --> Technology Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology Digital Video Exercise Biomechanics Young discipline --> Technology: hands-on Course Content and Design Based on a description and set of standards proposed by the American Alliance of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) in 1991 Course Description: “An integrative, mechanistic study of the biomechanics human motion during physical activity and exercise: biology and mechanical properties of the human movement system including bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscle, joints, and other whole body mechanisms are investigated.” The Human Mechanical System (Human Movement System) Skeletal muscle - driving force & power Connective tissue Bones Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Fascia - skeletal muscle Guidance system - receptors (ex. muscle spindles) Processors (brain, spinal cord, motorneurons) Using Exercise Biomechanics *Optimizing performance, health benefits of exercise Minimizing chronic disease risk, physical fitness, brain development/preservation Doing our best in athletic events Playing safe Pre-hab: preparing connective tissues, muscle Re-hab: promoting recovery after injury Integration of Disciplines --> --> Exercise Biomechanics Anatomy – the study of body structure and function Gross (whole body) anatomy Cellular anatomy Physiology – study of the integrated function of cells, tissues, and organ systems Mechanics – branch of physics which studies forces and their effects on mechanical structures Integration of Disciplines --> --> Exercise Biomechanics Statics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a constant state of motion Dynamics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration Biomechanics: “Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms and their function” ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MECHANICS BIOMECHANICS EXERCISE BIOMECHANICS SPORTS MEDICINE Integrative, problem solving approach to Exercise Biomechanics “Your mind should be a place where you work things out, not store a bunch of stuff.” - Albert Einstein Get on Board! Get on Board! Things move fast in the Summer! Let’s Jump into Biomechanics! It’s all about You diligence Exercise Biomechanics Course Structure A. Whole Body Biomechanics Modeling mechanics - exercise Exercise Applications Performance techniques Injury prevention, Rehabilitation Use, design of exercise, sports equipment Applications to daily living Design of furniture Workplace design (Ergonomics) Exercise Biomechanics Course Structure B. Tissue Biomechanics - components Bones Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Injury prevention, Rehabilitation Exercise Biomechanics Course Structure C. Skeletal Muscle & Joint Biomechanics Generation of force, velocity, power TORQUE @ joints Running Back injuries Weight training machines Applications (what’s in it for me?) – Teacher Certification Understanding the capabilities and limitations of students Developing age-appropriate activities Developing activities which are fun, safe, and of benefit to student health Applications – Wellness/Sports Management Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: Adult fitness Qualified personnel (ACSM certification) National Strength and Conditioning Association, KINE degree) Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: Athletic training Triage of sports injuries Rehab Conditioning Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: Cardiac Rehabilitation Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: Physical Therapy Rehab after surgery – Orthopedic injury Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: Occupational Therapy Relearning tasks of daily living Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: Medicine Diagnosing sprain severity ACL graft surgery Prosthetics Arthritis Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in: * Nursing Recovery from Orthopedic surgery Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning *Graduate School Research Aging Osteoporosis Parkinson’s Exercise Sedentary lifestyle Diabetes Cardiovascular disease Obesity Muscular dystrophy Spaceflight http://hlknweb.tamu.edu http://redox.tamu.edu •KINE 485 •Internships •Work Study Applications – Outdoor Education/Recreation Knowing the physical limitations of human performance in outdoor recreation Understanding the technical aspects of equipment use and design Complexity of Human Movement In order to understand the basics, we will use the underlying principle of the human body as a mechanical machine. Human-made Machine Human Machine Wears out with use May improve with use Must replace damaged Can repair itself parts with new ones Designed for a limited number of purposes (within limits) IBM Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov (1997) 2-1-3 Torn ligaments Damaged cartilage Compound fracture Capable of learning (diversity of purposes) Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking how…? How do forces produced by muscles create movement at the joints? How are running shoes designed to reduce injury and improve running performance? How does joint cartilage act as a shock absorber? How does genetics play a role in muscle power? How do we design of prosthetics (artificial knee) to optimize function? Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking How…? How? Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking why, how …? How do muscle forces create torque at joints The ability to produce rotation Fm joint torque Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking why, how …? Why are rotator cuff injuries common in swimming and in baseball/softball? Why does a curve ball curve? Why do joint sprains often take so long to heal? Why are bone fractures common in the elderly? Critical thinking is an important part of biomechanical analysis Historical Timeline Aristotle (382 – 322 BC) Student of Plato Founded own school (lyceum) Wrote extensively on philosophy, politics, logic, natural sciences, and physics Much of his complete works were lost Pictured the human body as a machine: muscles cause an action which moves the bones at the joints Historical Timeline Leonardo DaVinci (1452 – 1519) Artist Mona Lisa, Last Supper Scientist Anatomist (one of the first scientists to make a detailed record of human dissections) Detailed descriptions of design of skeleton Illustrated muscle origins and insertions Historical Timeline Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) Developed basic Laws of Motion Invented calculus Developed the theory of gravity which was held until updated by Einstein’s theories Founder of the Royal Academy of Sciences Despite his contributions to science, Newton’s primary investigations were into Biblical text Historical Timeline Thomas Alva Edison (from Menlo Park, NJ) 1093 inventions including: the electric light bulb, voice transmitter (amplifier), answering machine, and phonograph Invented motion pictures in 1888 He used a roll of film called a kinetoscope Quote from Edison: “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.” Historical Timeline Computers transistor (1940s - common by ‘60s) microcomputers 1960s: NASA 1970s: research 1980s: public - Apple, IBM, Compaq, Dell, etc. Historical Timeline Digital Video 1990s Equipment DV cameras DVRs Easy to interface with computer, video Historical Timeline Exercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a science Principles - many are quite old and applied by Engineers for machines - Engineering approach to mechanics of the human body Technology Film analysis; Digital video analysis Interfacing with computers Tools of cellular and molecular biology Historical Timeline Exercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a science Biomaterials Gait analysis http://www.datlof.com/8Axamal/docs/Marketing/jhu/JE/index.htm Current Applications of Biomechanics Orthopedic Surgeons and Engineers EXAMPLES: http://www.nisss.org/publications.html Design of artificial hips and knees (prosthetics) Design of support devices (knee braces, etc.) Synthetic and natural replacements for structural tissues (cartilage replacement) Current Applications of Biomechanics Physiologists and Engineers EXAMPLES: • Response of bone and connective tissue (ligaments, tendons) to exercise training Current Applications of Biomechanics Space Scientists (NASA) EXAMPLES: Adaptation to low gravity environments Bone loss Atrophy of skeletal muscle Loss of blood volume, CV function – Orthostatic intolerance (fainting) Current Applications of Biomechanics Exercise Biomechanists and Engineers EXAMPLES: Design of running shoes Design of exercise equipment (Nautilus and Cybex equipment, etc.) Design of competitive sportswear, protective gear Football pads and helmets Low friction swimming, cycling, and running wear Current Applications of Biomechanics Giants of Whole Body Biomechanics Peter Cavanagh Penn State University (1970s • Today - Cleveland Clinic • NSBRI • Biomechanics of athletic and orthopedic shoewear • > worked with Nike in the 70s, 80s • > Runner’s World articles • > concepts of cushioning (shock absorption) • > elastic recoil (bounce) in shoes Current Applications of Biomechanics Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics Charlie Tipton - Exercise Physiologist (1960s - 90s) University of Iowa Effect of Exercise on bone and connective tissue biomechanics and chemistry Current Applications of Biomechanics Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics Savio Woo Biomedical Engineer (1970s - 80s) UCSD, UPitt Effect of exercise (increased forces/mechanical stress) and immobilization (decreased mechanical. stress) on connective tissue Revolutionized Sports Injury Therapeutics! Lifetime Achievement - ACSM Principles learned in Exercise Biomechanics will aid in: Learning and teaching motor skills Athletics Rehabilitation Perfecting, repairing and keeping in good condition that incomparable machine – the human body.