Download Sports Biomechanics

HOWDY AGS!
Welcome to KINE 426!
Exercise Biomechanics
KINE 426
Dr. John Lawler - lecture instructor
Clay Duval, Kumar Joshi: laboratory assistants
 John Lawler - support
Exercise Biomechanics
Traditional class name: Kinesiology
KINE 426
Exercise Biomechanics
Usain Bolt
KINE 426
Bee Prepared!
Read presentations and lab materials ahead.
Take Notes during class
Study Nightly
Kinesiology – The Science of
Movement
Kinein – to move
Logos – to discourse or study in a
scientific manner
Exercise Biomechanics
Represents the human body as a mechanical
system or machine
Involves the application of physics and
engineering principles during analysis of
locomotion (walking, running, etc.), exercise,
athletic activities, and rehabilitation (PT, OT,
cardiac rehab.)
Young discipline --> Technology
 Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular
biology
Exercise Biomechanics
Young discipline --> Technology
 Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular
biology
 Digital Video
Exercise Biomechanics
Young discipline --> Technology: hands-on
Course Content and Design
Based on a description and set of standards proposed
by the American Alliance of Physical Education,
Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) in 1991
Course Description: “An integrative, mechanistic study
of the biomechanics human motion during physical
activity and exercise: biology and mechanical
properties of the human movement system including
bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscle,
joints, and other whole body mechanisms are
investigated.”
The Human Mechanical System
(Human Movement System)
Skeletal muscle - driving force & power
Connective tissue
 Bones
 Tendons
 Ligaments
 Cartilage
 Fascia - skeletal muscle
 Guidance system - receptors (ex. muscle spindles)
 Processors (brain, spinal cord, motorneurons)
Using Exercise Biomechanics
*Optimizing performance, health benefits
of exercise
Minimizing chronic disease risk, physical
fitness, brain development/preservation
Doing our best in athletic events
Playing safe
Pre-hab: preparing connective tissues, muscle
Re-hab: promoting recovery after injury
Integration of Disciplines -->
--> Exercise Biomechanics
Anatomy – the study of body structure and
function
 Gross (whole body) anatomy
 Cellular anatomy
Physiology – study of the integrated function of
cells, tissues, and organ systems
Mechanics – branch of physics which studies
forces and their effects on mechanical structures
Integration of Disciplines -->
--> Exercise Biomechanics
Statics - branch of mechanics dealing with
systems in a constant state of motion
Dynamics - branch of mechanics dealing with
systems subject to acceleration
Biomechanics: “Application of mechanical
principles in the study of living organisms and
their function”
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
MECHANICS
BIOMECHANICS
EXERCISE
BIOMECHANICS
SPORTS
MEDICINE
Integrative, problem solving
approach to Exercise Biomechanics
“Your mind should be a place
where you work things out,
not store a bunch of stuff.”
- Albert Einstein
Get on Board!
Get on Board!
Things move fast in the Summer!
Let’s Jump into Biomechanics!
It’s all about You
diligence
Exercise Biomechanics
Course Structure
A. Whole Body Biomechanics
 Modeling mechanics - exercise
Exercise Applications
 Performance techniques
 Injury prevention, Rehabilitation
 Use, design of exercise, sports equipment
Applications to daily living
 Design of furniture
 Workplace design (Ergonomics)
Exercise Biomechanics
Course Structure
B. Tissue Biomechanics - components
Bones
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
Injury prevention, Rehabilitation
Exercise Biomechanics
Course Structure
C. Skeletal Muscle & Joint Biomechanics
Generation of force, velocity, power
TORQUE @ joints
Running
Back injuries
Weight training machines
Applications (what’s in it for me?)
– Teacher Certification
Understanding the capabilities and limitations
of students
Developing age-appropriate activities
Developing activities which are fun, safe, and of
benefit to student health
Applications – Wellness/Sports
Management
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
Adult fitness
 Qualified personnel
 (ACSM certification)
National Strength and Conditioning Association, KINE degree)
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance
and rehabilitative processes in:
Athletic training
Triage of sports injuries
Rehab
Conditioning
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
Physical Therapy
 Rehab after surgery
– Orthopedic injury
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
Occupational Therapy
 Relearning tasks of daily living
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
Medicine
 Diagnosing sprain severity
 ACL graft surgery
 Prosthetics
 Arthritis
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
* Nursing
 Recovery from
Orthopedic surgery
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
*Graduate School
Research
Aging
Osteoporosis
Parkinson’s
Exercise
Sedentary lifestyle
Diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Muscular dystrophy
Spaceflight
http://hlknweb.tamu.edu
http://redox.tamu.edu
•KINE 485
•Internships
•Work Study
Applications – Outdoor
Education/Recreation
Knowing the physical limitations of human
performance in outdoor recreation
Understanding the technical aspects of equipment
use and design
Complexity of Human
Movement
In order to understand the basics, we will
use the underlying principle of the
human body as a mechanical machine.
Human-made Machine
Human Machine
 Wears out with use
 May improve with use
 Must replace damaged
 Can repair itself
parts with new ones
 Designed for a limited
number of purposes
(within limits)
 IBM Deep Blue vs
Garry Kasparov (1997)
2-1-3
 Torn ligaments
 Damaged cartilage
 Compound fracture
 Capable of learning
(diversity of purposes)
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking how…?
How do forces produced by muscles create
movement at the joints?
How are running shoes designed to reduce injury
and improve running performance?
How does joint cartilage act as a shock absorber?
How does genetics play a role in muscle power?
How do we design of prosthetics (artificial knee)
to optimize function?
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking How…?
How?
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking why, how …?
How do muscle forces create torque at
joints
The ability to produce rotation
Fm
joint
torque
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking why, how …?
Why are rotator cuff injuries common in
swimming and in baseball/softball?
Why does a curve ball curve?
Why do joint sprains often take so long to heal?
Why are bone fractures common in the elderly?
Critical thinking is an important part of
biomechanical analysis
Historical Timeline
Aristotle (382 – 322 BC)
Student of Plato
Founded own school (lyceum)
Wrote extensively on philosophy, politics,
logic, natural sciences, and physics
Much of his complete works were lost
Pictured the human body as a machine:
muscles cause an action which moves the
bones at the joints
Historical Timeline
Leonardo DaVinci (1452 – 1519)
 Artist
 Mona Lisa, Last Supper
Scientist
Anatomist (one of the first scientists to make
a detailed record of human dissections)
Detailed descriptions of design of skeleton
Illustrated muscle origins and insertions
Historical Timeline
Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
Developed basic Laws of Motion
Invented calculus
Developed the theory of gravity which was
held until updated by Einstein’s theories
Founder of the Royal Academy of Sciences
Despite his contributions to science,
Newton’s primary investigations were into
Biblical text
Historical Timeline
Thomas Alva Edison (from Menlo Park, NJ)
1093 inventions including:
 the electric light bulb, voice transmitter (amplifier),
answering machine, and phonograph
 Invented motion pictures in 1888
 He used a roll of film called a kinetoscope
 Quote from Edison: “Genius is 1% inspiration and
99% perspiration.”
Historical Timeline
Computers
 transistor (1940s - common by ‘60s)
 microcomputers
1960s: NASA
1970s: research
1980s: public - Apple, IBM, Compaq, Dell, etc.
Historical Timeline
Digital Video
 1990s
 Equipment
DV cameras
DVRs
Easy to interface with computer, video
Historical Timeline
Exercise Biomechanics is only reaching
maturity as a science
 Principles - many are quite old and applied by
Engineers for machines - Engineering approach to
mechanics of the human body
 Technology
 Film analysis; Digital video analysis
 Interfacing with computers
 Tools of cellular and molecular biology
Historical Timeline
Exercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a
science
Biomaterials
Gait analysis
http://www.datlof.com/8Axamal/docs/Marketing/jhu/JE/index.htm
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Orthopedic Surgeons and Engineers
EXAMPLES:
http://www.nisss.org/publications.html
Design of artificial hips and knees
(prosthetics)
Design of support devices (knee braces, etc.)
Synthetic and natural replacements for
structural tissues (cartilage replacement)
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Physiologists and Engineers
EXAMPLES:
• Response of bone and connective tissue
(ligaments, tendons) to exercise training
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Space Scientists (NASA)
EXAMPLES:
Adaptation to low gravity environments
Bone loss
Atrophy of skeletal muscle
Loss of blood volume, CV function
– Orthostatic intolerance (fainting)
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Exercise Biomechanists and Engineers
EXAMPLES:
Design of running shoes
Design of exercise equipment (Nautilus and
Cybex equipment, etc.)
Design of competitive sportswear, protective
gear
Football pads and helmets
Low friction swimming, cycling, and running wear
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Giants of Whole Body Biomechanics
 Peter Cavanagh  Penn State University (1970s • Today - Cleveland Clinic
• NSBRI
• Biomechanics of athletic and orthopedic shoewear
• > worked with Nike in the 70s, 80s
• > Runner’s World articles
• > concepts of cushioning (shock absorption)
• > elastic recoil (bounce) in shoes
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics
 Charlie Tipton - Exercise Physiologist (1960s - 90s)
 University of Iowa
Effect of Exercise on bone and connective tissue
biomechanics and chemistry
Current Applications of
Biomechanics
Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics
 Savio Woo  Biomedical Engineer (1970s - 80s)
 UCSD, UPitt
 Effect of exercise (increased forces/mechanical
stress) and immobilization (decreased
mechanical. stress) on connective tissue
 Revolutionized Sports Injury Therapeutics!
 Lifetime Achievement - ACSM
Principles learned in Exercise
Biomechanics will aid in:
Learning and teaching motor skills
Athletics
Rehabilitation
Perfecting, repairing and keeping in good
condition that incomparable machine – the
human body.