Download Body Systems

Body Systems
There are 10
Systems that
you will be
responsible for
knowing about.
Function/s:
•
•
•
•
•
gives structural support
protects
provides shape
stores minerals
produces red and white blood cells
Skeletal System
Parts:
• You Need to Know:
skull, clavicle, ribs,
vertebrae, pelvis,
carpal, phalanges,
patella, tarsals,
metatarsals, fibula,
tibia, femur, ulna,
radius, elbow,
humerus, scapula,
mandible
Interactions:
Circulatory System
Marrow inside of your
bones helps produce the
cells inside of you blood.
Interactions:
Muscular System
Muscles connect to your skeleton
They contract and move the skeleton along.
Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and
calcified bone that work together.
They help the process of movement happen in a
smoother manner.
Health:
Articles
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-health/MY01399
http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/living-withosteoporosis-7/diet-nutrition
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bone_health.cfm
General Info:
Genetic Conditions
• Some genetic diseases cause
individuals to grow excessive large
and thick bones.
• Other genetic diseases can cause bones
to become brittle and break easily, while
the collagen of the body does not have
the strength of a healthy individual.
• Even older people who break their bones
can grow new bone and connective tissue
that returns the bone to a usable state.
Quiz
What did you learn?
Who can name the Functions?
•
•
•
•
•
gives structural support
protects
provides shape
stores minerals
produces red and white blood cells
What does the marrow
inside your bones produce?
The cells inside your blood.
How does the muscular
system interact with the
skeletal system?
Muscles connect to your skeleton
They contract and move the skeleton along.
Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and
calcified bone that work together.
They help the process of movement happen in a
smoother manner.
Muscular System
Function/s:
• produces movement
• provides stabilization
• generates heat
• pumps lymph
Major Body Parts
Front View
Major Body Parts
Back
View
Parts:
The Three Different Types of
Muscular Tissue
• Smooth
• Cardiac
• Skeletal/Voluntary (striated muscle)
Smooth
• muscle you
rarely
control such
as the
muscle in
digestive
organs
Cardiac
• very
specific
tissue
found in
your heart
Skeletal/Voluntary
(striated muscle)
• the muscle
that helps
you move and
that you
have control
over
Muscle is called…
the meatus.
It is the meat you eat from cows,
sheep, and includes the muscle
in your biceps.
Meat needs to connect
to the bones so that you
can…
MOVE!!
Tendons
connect
your
muscles to
your bone
at joints
Ligaments
batches of
connective
tissue that
bind bones
to bones
MUSCLES, TENDONS
&
LIGAMENTS
found working together in
almost all of your joints
The Six Types of Joints
http://www.kbteachers.com/human-anatomy/bone-joints-printable.html
Pivot Joint
trafelicien.edu.glogster.com/skeletal-system/
The pivot
joint allows
for the
bone(s) to
rotate, but
not all the
way around.
Ball and Socket Joint
Enables
bones to
move 360
degrees.
Hinge Joint
Allows
movement
in only one
direction
Saddle Joint
Allows
movement
in two
directions.
Gliding Joint
Permits a
wide range of
mostly
sideways
movements as well as
movements in
one direction
Interactions: Nervous
System
Even though
thinking is not
always involved in
moving, the
neurons of the
nervous system
are connected to
most of the cells
in your muscular
system.
You have
smooth
muscles that
line your
digestive
system and
help move
food through
your
intestines.
Digestive System
Circulatory System and
Smooth muscle
also surrounds
your circulatory
system and lymph
system. Those
muscle tissues are
spread throughout
your body and are
even involved in
controlling the
temperature of
your body.
Lymph System
Health:
Keys to Maintaining
Healthy Muscles:
Endurance and
Strength
• http://www.nytimes.com/2
008/05/13/health/13muscl
es.html
• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/m
edlineplus/bonesjointsan
dmuscles.html
To maintain
endurance, you
should engage in
activities that
pump blood to the
muscles, like
walking.
For strength, you
need to lift
weights,
concentrating on
muscles of the
back, legs, and
arms.
• http://www.biology4
kids.com/files/syste
Muscles called extensors
ms_muscular.html
cause your limbs to
• http://kidshealth.org
straighten.
/kid/htbw/muscles.ht
The triceps are extensors.
ml
• http://science.howst
uffworks.com/enviro
nmental/life/humanbiology/muscle1.ht
m
• http://www.youtube.
Muscles called flexors force
com/watch?v=Tyour joints to bend.
ozRNVhGVg
General Info:
A bicep is a flexor
Quiz
What did you learn?
Who can name the joints?
•Pivot
•Ball and Socket
•Hinge
•Saddle
•Gliding
What connects muscle to
bone?
Tendons
What connects bone to
bone?
Ligaments
What are the functions?
• produces movement
• provides stabilization
• generates heat
• pumps lymph
What’s an example of a
flexor?
The bicep muscle.
What is an example of an
extensor?
The tricep muscle.
Integumentary System (skin)
Function/s:
• reduces water loss,
• contains receptors that respond to touch,
• regulates body temperature, and
• protects the inside of the body from
damage.
Parts:
SKIN
has
THREE
layers
The epidermis
the outermost layer of skin,
provides a waterproof barrier
and creates our skin tone
The
dermis
contains…
• tough connective
tissue
• hair follicles
and
• sweat glands
made of fat and connective
tissue
The deeper subcutaneous tissue
(hypodermis)
Interactions:
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_
integument.html
Immune System
Your skin is one of the first
defense mechanisms in your
immune system. Your skin has
tiny glands that secrete sweat
and oil. Those glands are
termed exocrine glands and
are not like the glands of your
endocrine system. While it may
feel a bit slimy, those fluids
decrease the pH on the
surface of your skin and kill
microorganisms. There are
even enzymes in your sweat
that can digest bacteria.
Circulatory System
The integumentary
system also works
closely with the
circulatory system and
the surface capillaries
through your body.
Capillaries near the
surface of the skin open
when your body needs to
cool off and close when
you need to conserve
heat.
• Receptors in skin
send sensory
information to the
brain.
• The autonomic
nervous system
regulates peripheral
blood flow and sweat
glands.
• Nerves control
muscles connected
to hair follicles.
Nervous System
Health:
• http://health.discovery.com/videos/skin-care-tips/
Video
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/skin-care/SN00003
Article
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acne/DS00169
Acne/Article
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/best-sunscreen/MY01350
Article
General Info:
• The skin is the largest organ of the
body, with a total area of about 20 sq
ft.
• The skin’s color is created by special
cells called melanocytes, which produce
the pigment melanin.
• Melanocytes are located in the
epidermis
Immune System
Function:
• microscopic armor that protects the
cells of your body from bacteria,
viruses, and poisons you might encounter
every day
Why do we have an immune
system?
to keep you alive and healthy
This system can attack…
• foreign invaders
or
• go after cells created within
your body that could endanger
your life.
Cancer Cells
are sometimes
the targets of
our immune
system.
Pathogens - agents of disease
• attack your body
• the immune system
begins a series of
immunological
defenses.
You know when your immune system is
at work because of the symptoms you
might have.
• fever
• runny nose
• swelling
Your immune system can respond
many ways to a problem.
There would be one
response to…
• a knife wound
• hay fever and pollen
• a specific response
to catching a cold.
Tonsils and Adenoids
The tonsils and
adenoids are
thought to assist
the body in its
defense against
incoming bacteria
and viruses by
helping the body
form antibodies.
Interactions:
Circulatory System
• Transports what is
needed to fight
pathogens
Lymphatic System
•
produces lymphocytes
Integumentary System (your skin)
Is one of the most important parts of
the immune system
It’s usually the first defense your body has
against bacteria.
There is far more chance you will get dangerous
bacteria or viruses on your skin and hands than
breathe those microorganisms in your lungs. You
have cells and compounds on your skin that help to
kill any bacteria that appear.
Always remember to wash your hands; most of the
microorganisms that get you sick are picked up
when you touch things.
Failures of the Immune
System
•
•
•
•
immunodeficiency disorders (primary or
acquired)
autoimmune disorders (in which the body's own
immune system attacks its own tissue as foreign
matter)
allergic disorders (in which the immune system
overreacts in response to an antigen)
cancers of the immune system
Primary Immune Deficiencies
Caused by a gene defect that affects
the immune system. Genes carry an
inherited code of instructions that tells
the body how to make every cell and
protein in the body.
The infections may be in the
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Skin
Sinuses
Throat
Ears
Lungs
Brain or Spinal Cord
Urinary or Intestinal tracts
The increased vulnerability to infection may include repeated infections,
infections that won’t clear up, or unusually severe infections.
Fortunately, with proper medical care, many patients live full and
independent lives.
Secondary Immune Deficiencies
Also known as, acquired immunodeficiencies.
These are caused by something outside
the body that suppresses, or causes the
immune system not to work as it should.
For example, malnutrition, aging and
particular medications such as
chemotherapy or drugs that are given to
patients after organ transplants.
AIDS
(Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome)
A disease where specific
immune cells such as
helper-T and inducer-T
cells are killed.
Without those cells, the
immune system cannot
work properly and even
minor diseases can kill
the organism.
Autoimmune Disorders
In autoimmune disorders, the
immune system mistakenly
attacks the body's healthy
organs and tissues as though
they were foreign invaders.
Autoimmune Diseases
• Lupus, a chronic disease marked by muscle and joint
pain and inflammation (the abnormal immune response
also may involve attacks on the kidneys and other
organs)
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a disease in which the
body's immune system acts as though certain body
parts (such as the joints of the knee, hand, and foot)
are foreign tissue and attacks them
• Scleroderma, a chronic autoimmune disease that can
lead to inflammation and damage of the skin, joints,
and internal organs
• Juvenile dermatomyositis, a disorder marked by
inflammation and damage of the skin and muscles
Allergic Disorders
• Allergic disorders occur when the immune
system overreacts to exposure to antigens
in the environment. The substances that
provoke such attacks are called allergens.
The immune response can cause
symptoms such as
•
•
•
•
swelling
watery eyes
and sneezing,
even a life-threatening reaction called
anaphylaxis.
• Medications called antihistamines can
relieve most symptoms.
Allergic disorders
• Asthma, a respiratory disorder that can cause breathing problems,
frequently involves an allergic response by the lungs. If the lungs are
oversensitive to certain allergens (like pollen, molds, animal dander,
or dust mites), it can trigger breathing tubes in the lungs to become
narrowed, leading to reduced airflow and making it hard for a person
to breathe.
• Eczema is an itchy rash also known as atopic dermatitis. Although
atopic dermatitis is not necessarily caused by an allergic reaction, it
more often occurs in kids and teens who have allergies, hay fever,
or asthma or who have a family history of these conditions.
• Allergies of several types can occur in kids and teens.
Environmental allergies (to dust mites, for example), seasonal
allergies (such as hay fever), drug allergies (reactions to specific
medications or drugs), food allergies (such as to nuts), and allergies
to toxins (bee stings, for example) are the common conditions
people usually refer to as allergies.
TEST TIME!!!!
• Get out a piece
of paper and
answer the
questions. Use
your notes ONLY
if you need them.
1. What is the function of the
Immune System?
• Body’s defense mechanism against
illness
• Major controlling, regulating, and
communication center
• Helps rid the body of wastes
• Acts as a barrier to the outside
world
2. A disease where specific immune
cells such as helper-T and inducer-T
cells are killed.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Bronchitis
Asthma
AIDS
Hay Fever
3. This system is first defense
against bacteria and viruses.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Immune System
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Endocrine System
4. Allergic reactions are when people
can not tolerate ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Allergies
AIDS
Poisons
Allergens
5. What are the Types of
Immunological Disorders?
Write your answer now.
6. Where will you most likely pick up
bacteria and viruses?
A. In your lungs
or
B. On your skin
7. Describe an Allergic Reaction.
Write out your answer.
Endocrine System
controls many of the biochemical
pathways that occur in your body.
The endocrine system uses a
compound called a hormone.
Hormones are used…
• to regulate your growth
• digestion
• body temperature, and
• glucose metabolism
The endocrine system is also unique in
that it uses
• glands and cells within
organs that are all closely
related to other systems.
The endocrine system as the chemical
brother of the nervous system.
• the nervous system transmits
information and instructions using
electricity
• the endocrine system transmits
information with chemicals and
biological compounds.
• Pituitary Gland
a pea-sized gland at the base of
your brain. It’s the "master control
gland" - it makes hormones that
affect growth and the functions of
other glands in the body.
• Hypothalamus
is involved in several
functions of the body
including:
-Autonomic Function Control
-Endocrine Function Control
-Homeostasis
-Motor Function Control
-Food and Water Intake
Regulation
-Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation
Parts:
Interactions:
Circulatory System
•
The circulatory system is the transport system for endocrine
information. The endocrine chemicals and hormones most circulate
through the body via blood vessels.
Excretory System
•
Many glands in your body secrete hormones into the blood. You have a
pituitary gland in the base of your skull that releases hormones that
control blood pressure and your excretory system.
•
You even have a tiny little adrenal gland above your kidneys that
releases adrenalin if you get excited.
Muscular System
•
You have a thyroid gland in your neck that controls your bone growth
rate and metabolism.
Health
Thyroid Problems
A goiter: Lack of iodine in your food can cause your
thyroid gland to grow to the size of a baseball.
An increase your body's metabolism can make you jumpy
and sweaty (hyperthyroidism) or decrease the levels
and make you sluggish (hypothyroidism).
Problems making insulin in the pancreas can cause a
disease called diabetes which makes metabolizing
carbohydrates difficult. Injections of insulin must be
taken to counteract the problem.
The administration of thyroid
hormone will lead to a
reduction in size of simple
goiters in most cases.
Surgical removal of a simple
goiter is usually unnecessary.
Caused by a
deficiency of iodine in
the diet and usually
occur in populations
living in areas with
iodine-depleted soil