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Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement What’s another word for movement? Which two systems work together to allow support & movement? The Role of the Skeleton • What are the functions of the skeletal system? – support the body – protect organs – aid in movement • provides attachment site for muscles Bone Structure • Is bone living? – Yes, even though it’s hard & made of minerals, bone IS a LIVING tissue that grows. • Think about it… are you the same height as you were when you were… a baby? …a young child? …last year? Bone Structure • What types of tissue make up the skeletal system? – cartilage – bone • • • • compact (solid) bone spongy bone membrane (periosteum) marrow – ligaments Bone Structure • What is cartilage? – A tough, flexible tissue that doesn’t store calcium, so it is less dense than bone. • Where is cartilage found? – mostly at the ends of bone • Why? – acts as a cushion for joints Bone Structure • What types of tissues are found in bone? – compact (solid) bone • hard part of bone – very strong b/c stores calcium • usually found along outer edges – spongy bone • has many empty spaces • usually found near end of bones – membrane (periosteum) • covers bone • contains nerves & blood vessels – marrow • soft center in bone • makes blood cells Interactive Bone Diagram Bone Structure • What are ligaments? – connective tissue that holds bones to other bones • What is a joint? – where bones come together • What allows joints to move smoothly? – cartilage covering the end of the bones – fluid-filled bags between cartilage & bone Joints fixed joint Joints gliding joint • types – fixed – movable 1. 2. 3. 4. Classification of Joints Animation ball & socket hinge pivot gliding Fixed Joints • Are not connected by ligaments. – Do they move? • no – What is an example? • skull Movable Joints • 1. ball & socket – In which direction(s) does it move? • rotate, front-back, side-side – most mobility of all joints – What are examples? • hip, shoulder Movable Joints • 2. hinge – In which direction(s) does it move? • open-closed (only in 1 direction) – like a door – What are examples? • elbow, knee • 3. pivot Movable Joints – In which direction(s) does it move? • twists/rotates – like a door knob – What are examples? • skull w/ vertebrae, lower arm • 4. gliding Movable Joints – In which direction(s) does it move? • slides back-forth, side-side – What are examples? • vertebrae (back), wrist, ankle The Role of Muscles • What is the muscular system? – all muscles in the body • What is the function of the muscular system? – movement • What is a muscle? – tissue that can change shape & length Human Muscles Types • What are the 3 different muscle types in humans? – skeletal (a.k.a. striated) – smooth – cardiac • Each has a different structure, pattern, job, & location in the body. Human Muscles Types • 1. skeletal (striated) – What do the cells look like? • long fibers • dark & light stripes (striations) – Where are they typically found? • most of the body • attached to skeleton – What is their function? • move bones of the skeleton – Are their movements voluntary or involuntary? • voluntary Human Muscles Types • 2. smooth – What do the cells look like? • tapered (thin ends, thick center) • no stripes (no striations) – Where are they typically found? • digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels, other organs – What is their function? • regulate activity of organs or vessels – Are their movements voluntary or involuntary? • voluntary Human Muscles Types • 3. cardiac – What do the cells look like? • long fibers that branch & weave together • dark & light stripes (striations) – Where are they typically found? • ONLY in heart – What is their function? • contracts rhythmically pump blood out of heart – Are their movements voluntary or involuntary? • involuntary Muscle Types in the Body Striated (skeletal) Cardiac Smooth Appearance of cells? Striped (striated) Striped (striated) & branched Tapered (thin ends, thick center); no stripes (not striated) Where typically found? Attached to skeleton (ex. legs/ arms) heart digestive system, respiratory system, blood vessels Function? movement pump blood from heart to arteries peristalsis, regulate activity of organs or diameter or vessels Voluntary or involuntary? voluntary involuntary involuntary How Muscles Work • What are tendons? – connective tissue that holds muscles to bones • must be attached to bones at 2 points – at opposite ends of the muscle How Muscles Work • How do muscles work? – by changing their length • How does it do this? – muscle fibers contract (or relax) » cannot lengthen – So, skeletal muscles must work in opposing pairs. » flexors » extensors Muscles Work in Pairs • What does a flexor do when it contracts? – bends the joint – Examples of flexors? •Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs •Muscles Contracting in Pairs • biceps, hamstring (back of thigh) flexor extensor Muscles Work in Pairs • What does an extensor do when it contracts? – straightens the joint – Examples of extensors? •Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs •Muscles Contracting in Pairs • triceps, quadriceps (front of thigh) flexor extensor