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Muscular Analysis of Movement Chapter 14, pp.260-264 Chapter 17 Simple Joint System System Level Function Force & torque production for joint mobility and stability through rotation and translation of bones (segments) Muscle Actions Muscle Coordination (Synergy) Related Terminology muscle action – the development of tension (force) by a muscle functional muscle group – a group of muscles that are capable of causing a specific joint action (e.g., wrist radial deviators) motive force (or torque) – force causing the observed movement resistive force (or torque) – force opposing the observed movement Types of Muscle Actions Concentric Eccentric Isometric Concentric Shortens to cause movement Rotational movement Mechanically: Net Muscle (Motive) Torque > Net Resistive Torque Eccentric Lengthens to resist, control, or slow down movement Rotational movement Mechanically: Net Muscle (Resistive) Torque < Net Motive Torque Isometric Stays the same so that bone will stay fixed No movement Mechanically: Net Muscle Torque = Other Torque Total Net Torque = 0 System Level: Muscle Actions Resulting motion dependent on all torques acting about the joint (net torque) Conditions for concentric? Eccentric? Isometric? Muscle Coordination: Roles that Muscles Play Agonists Antagonists Stabilizers Neutralizers Agonist (Mover) The role played by a muscle acting to cause a movement Prime movers Assistant movers Arbitrary distinction Force development during concentric action Relaxation during eccentric action Antagonist The role played by a muscle acting to control movement of a body segment against some other non-muscle force to slow or stop a movement Force development during eccentric action Check ballistic movements Relaxation during concentric action Stabilizer The role played by a muscle to stabilize (fixate) a body part against some other force rotary (joint) stabilizer linear (bone) stabilizer Isometric muscle action Neutralizer The role played by a muscle to eliminate an unwanted action produced by an agonist Scapular or pelvic stabilization Multijoint muscles Elevation of the humerus Muscle action varies To perform a muscular analysis: 1. Break the skill into phases. 2. Determine the joint action? 3. Determine the motive force – muscle or some other force? 4. Determine the resistive force – muscle or some other force? To perform a muscular analysis (ID muscle actions and responsible groups): 5. Identify whether there are joints/bones that must be stabilized 6. Identify the FMG(s) that is(are) developing force the type of muscle action of the FMG(s) the roles played by the FMG(s) 7. Identify neutralization. Example 1: Biceps Curl Up Phase Joint Action Flexion Motive Force Muscle Resistive Force FMG Developing Force Muscle Action Weight/Gravity Elbow Flexors Concentric Down Phase Example 1: Biceps Curl Up Phase Down Phase Joint Action Flexion Extension Motive Force Muscle Weight/Gravity Resistive Force FMG Developing Force Muscle Action Weight/Gravity Muscle Elbow Flexors Elbow Flexors Concentric Eccentric Agonists: Flexors Extensors Example 1: Biceps Curl Up Phase Down Phase Joint Action Flexion Extension Motive Force Muscle Weight/Gravity Resistive Force FMG Developing Force Muscle Action Weight/Gravity Muscle Elbow Flexors Elbow Flexors Concentric Eccentric Antagonists: Extensors Flexors Example 1: Biceps Curl Up Phase Down Phase Joint Action Flexion Extension Motive Force Muscle Weight/Gravity Resistive Force FMG Developing Force Muscle Action Weight/Gravity Muscle Elbow Flexors Elbow Flexors Concentric Eccentric Stabilization? 1. Rotary stabilization Wrist flexors 2. Linear stabilization Neutralization? 1. To prevent scapular or pelvic movement when moving humerus or femur Shoulder girdle retractors Shoulder girdle elevators 2. To prevent unwanted motion caused by multijoint muscles Shoulder extensors Forearm pronators Neutralization 3. To prevent scapular movement during elevation of the humerus 4. Other? Biceps brachii – shoulder flexion, RU supination Brachialis – none Brachioradialis – RU motion Pronator teres – RU pronation Summary Movement at a single joint is possible because of the complex coordination that occurs between numerous muscles. Therefore, all those muscles must have adequate strength to accomplish its task in a given movement. Injury to or lack of strength in any of those muscles can result in the inability to perform the movement. Summary A muscular analysis allows us to identify the muscles that contribute to a movement and how they contribute to the movement. We can then prepare conditioning & rehabilitation programs that target utilized muscles appropriately.
