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The Appendicular
Skeleton
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Learning Objectives
• Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper
limbs, their functions and their features.
• Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower
limbs, their functions and their features.
• Compare the male and female pelvic structure.
• Explain how the skeleton can reveal significant
information about the individual.
• Compare male and female skeletons.
• Describe the effect of aging on the skeleton.
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SECTION 8-1
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
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The Appendicular Skeleton
•
Upper and lower limbs
•
Pectoral and pelvic girdle
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Figure 8.1 The Appendicular Skeleton
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Figure 8.1
Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
• Articulates the upper limbs with the trunk
• Consists of clavicle and scapula
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Clavicle and scapula
• Position the shoulder joint
• Help move the upper limb
• Provide a base for muscle attachment
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Figure 8.2 The Clavicle
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Figure 8.2
Scapula markings are attachment sites for
tendons/ligaments of shoulder joint
• Coracoid process
• Acromion
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Figure 8.3 The Scapula
PLAY
Animation: Interaction between the pectoral girdle and the proximal bone of the arm
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Figure 8.3
The upper limbs
• Scapula articulates with the humerus at the
glenohumoral joint
• Greater and lesser tubercles are muscle
attachment sites
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Figure 8.4 The Humerus
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Figure 8.4
Humerus
• Articulates with radius and ulna
• Elbow joint
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Figure 8.5 The Radius and Ulna
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Figure 8.5
Carpal bones and hand
• Carpus forms wrist
• Two rows of short bones
• Distal row articulates with metacarpals
• Four fingers have three phalanges
• Pollex (thumb) has two
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Figure 8.6 Bones of the Wrist and Hand
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Figure 8.6
SECTION 8-2
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
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The pelvic girdle and lower limbs
• More massive than the pectoral girdle
• Consists of two os coxae
• Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis
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Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae
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Figure 8.7
Ilium
• Largest hip bone
• Within acetabulum, fused to the ischium
(posteriorly) and the pubis (anteriorly)
• Pubic symphysis limits left to right
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Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae
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Figure 8.7
Figure 8.8 The Pelvis
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Figure 8.8
Pelvis
• Composed of the hipbones, sacrum and coccyx
• Subdivided into the false (greater) and true
(lesser) pelvis
PLAY
Animation: Pelvic girdle and lower limb
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Figure 8.9 Divisions of the Pelvis
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Figure 8.9
Figure 8.10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis
of a Male and a Female
PLAY
Animation: Male and Female Pelvis
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Figure 8.10
The lower limbs
• Femur is the longest bone in the body
• Articulates with the tibia at the knee
• Patella is a large sesamoid bone
• Fibula parallels tibia laterally
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Figure 8.11 The Femur
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Figure 8.11
Figure 8.12 The Right Patella
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Figure 8.12
Figure 8.13 The Tibia and Fibula
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Figure 8.13
Tarsus
• Has seven tarsal bones
• Pattern of metatarsal bones and phalanges
parallels that of the hand
• All toes have three phalanges except the hallux
(two phalanges)
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Figure 8.14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot
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Figure 8.14
Ankle and arches
• When standing, most of the weight of the body is
transferred from the talus to the calcaneous
• Rest is passed on to metatarsals
• Weight transfer occurs along longitudinal arch
• Transverse arch
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SECTION 8-3
Individual Variation in the Skeletal System
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Important Variation in the Skeletal System
• Medical history
• Weight
• Gender
• Body size
• Muscle mass
• Age
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Age related changes in skeletal system
• Begin about age one
• Continue throughout life
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You should now be familiar with:
• The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs,
their functions and their features.
• The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs,
their functions and their features.
• The similarities and differences between the male
and female skeleton and pelvic structure.
• How the skeleton can reveal significant
information about the individual.
• The effect of aging on the skeleton.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings