Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
GCSE PE 24/05/2017 1 HEALTH IS-A state of complete physical, social and mental well being and not just the absence of illness. PHYSICAL BENEFITS (from exercising) Burns up stored fat, so improves body shape. Tones muscles so improves posture. Helps prevent heart disease. Strengthens bones and keeps joints flexible. 24/05/2017 2 SOCIAL BENEFITS (from exercising) 1. Playing sport is a way of meeting new people and making good friends. 2. Sport develops team work+co-operation. 3. You may find you are talented and make a career out of sport. MENTAL BENEFITS 1. Relieves stress and tension. 2. Feel better about self – increased self confidence. 3. Enjoyable and stimulating. 4. Gets rid of aggression. 24/05/2017 3 DIET 7 COMPONENTS VITAMINS CARBOHYDRATES MINERALS PROTEIN FIBRE FATS WATER 24/05/2017 4 CARBOHDRATES-energy-rice,pasta bread PROTEINS-growth+repair-meat, fish, eggs, nuts, beans FATS-energy-butter, marg.,oils, in cakes, red meat, cheese VITAMINS-eg. A-fish+eggs-see in dimlight C-citrus fruits+veg-healthy skin MINERALS-eg. calcium-strong bones and teethmilk + cheese. WATER-approx. ½ weight- to prevent dehydration drink plenty esp. when exercising. FIBRE-prevents constipation-fruit, veg, bran 24/05/2017 5 BALANCED DIET 24/05/2017 Energy in must =energy used –otherwise we get problems: Overweight-having weight in excess of normal. Not harmful unless accompanied by overfat-ness. Overfat-more body fat than you should have. Obese-very overfat. Anorexia-extremely under weight. 6 Eating for sport 24/05/2017 Eat enough carbohydrates needed to provide correct amount of energy for the sport. Eat proteins to repair wear and tear to muscles. Drink plenty of water during and after sport. A balanced diet will give you enough vitamins and minerals. 7 SOMATOTYPE(body builds) Endomorphwide hips,narrow shoulders (pear-shaped), lot of fat on body. –wrestling Mesomorphbroad shoulders, narrow hips,(wedgeshaped), muscular body.-many sports eg Sprinting. Ectomorphnarrow shoulders and hips, thin legs and arms, little muscle or fat.-long distance runners. 24/05/2017 8 DRUGS Socially acceptable short term Nicotine(smoking)heart rate rise blood press. rise long term Heart disease Lung cancer Alcoholaffects balance judgement Kidney damage + make u aggressive Liver damage 24/05/2017 9 DRUGS Socially unacceptable 1. Anabolic steroidsbuild and repair muscles (heart disease, aggression, body hair-females) 2. Stimulants- raise heart rate and speed up reactions, keep you alert for long periods ( risk injury, overheating, liver+ brain damage) 3. Narcotic analgesics(pain killers)allow athlete to continue without pain. (risk injury-athlete not aware) 24/05/2017 10 Drugs in sport (doping) 1. Anabolic steroids-throwers, weight lifters, sprinters. 2. Stimulants-many sports to improve performance- games 3. Narcotic analgesics-many sports- to stop pain-long events, contact sports. 24/05/2017 11 Personal hygiene Sweating-wash regularly and change clothes to avoid bacteria build up. Athletes foot-fungus grows between toes.-where flip flops, avoid bare feet, wash often, dry carefully. Treat-powder from chemist. Veruccas-flat warts on sole of feet. as above avoid bare feet etc.-Treat-ointment from chemist. 24/05/2017 12 EXERCISE Is- ‘ a form of physical activity done primarily to improve one’s health and physical fitness.’ An exercise/training session consists of 3 parts: 1. Warm up. 2. Main activity. 3. Cool down. 24/05/2017 13 WARM UP Consists of 3 parts: 1. Pulse raisers-light jogging or swimming etc. to increase blood flow to muscle +joints – reduce risk of injury. 2. Stretching-work all main muscle +joints to increase flexibility and reduce risk of strains. 3. Skill rehearsal activities eg dribbling/passing ball to prepare mentally. 24/05/2017 14 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM the lungs and breathing IDENTIFY: Larynx-voice box Trachea –windpipe Bronchi-two large branches Bronchioles-smaller branches Alveoli-tiny air sacs Ribs diaphragm 24/05/2017 15 Breathing Inspiration –breathing in Ribs move up and out Diaphragm contracts (pulls down) Lungs expand-air moves in Expiration –breathing out Ribs move down and in Diaphragm relaxes (moves back up) Lungs are compressed-air forced out 24/05/2017 16 Gas exchange Alveoli are covered in tiny capillaries Walls of alveoli are very thin so: Gasses can pass through easily Gas % in inhaled % in exhaled Oxygen 21 % 17% Carbon d. Tiny 3% Nitrogen 79% 79% Water a little a lot 24/05/2017 17 How much air do we breathe? Tidal volumethe amount of air breathed in or out of the lungs in one breath. Vital capacitythe maximum amount of air that you can breathe out, after breathing in as deeply as possible. Oxygen debtAfter strenuous exercise like sprinting, your muscles need extra oxygen to get rid of lactic acid. This extra oxygen is called the oxygen debt. You pay it of by gulping air into the lungs. 24/05/2017 18 Cell respiration AEROBIC RESPIRATION –producing ENERGY with oxygen Marathon runners or other long distance/time events games etc. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION-producing ENERGY without oxygen Sprints or short power events-after short time causes muscle ache and fatigue due to lactic acid build up. 24/05/2017 19 EFECTS OF TRAINING ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 24/05/2017 Rib and Diaphragm grow stronger. Vital capacity (max.amount of air exhaled after deepest breath) increases. More alveoli available for gas exchange. More capillaries grow around the alveoli. 20 Circulatory System Blood, heart and blood vessels 1. 2. 3. 4. 24/05/2017 What’s in blood? : Plasma-water and other substances eg glucose. Red cells-carry oxygen to body cells. White cells-fight disease. Platelets-to help clot blood and form scabs. 21 Blood vessels Veins-carry blood back to the heart-have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards. Capillaries-thin walls to allow food+oxygen to pass out to body cells. Join arteries to veins. Arteries-carry blood away from heart-have thick elastic walls. 24/05/2017 22 HEART IDENTIFY:1. ATRIUM-upper chambers 2. VENTRICLES-lower chambers 3. SEPTUM-wall down the middle 4. VALVES-between the atrium and ventricles and in arteries leaving the heart. 24/05/2017 23 Functions of each part of heart. 1. AORTA Takes oxygenated blood to the body. 2. PULMONARY VEIN Takes oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs. 3. VENA CAVA Takes de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart. 4. PULMONARY ARTERY Takes de-oxygenated blood to the lungs form the heart. SEPTUM Separates the two halves of the heart to prevent blood mixing. A. LEFT ATRIUM Receive blood from lungs and sends it to left ventricle. B. LEFT VENTRICLE Receive blood from atrium and pumps it into aorta. C. RIGHT VENTRICLE Receive blood from right atrium and pumps it into Pulmonary artery. D.RIGHT 24/05/2017 ATRIUM Receive blood from the body and sends it to right ventricle. 24 HEART ACTIONS 24/05/2017 Heart rate – number of beats per minute Stroke volume-volume of blood pumped from the heart each beat Cardiac output-volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute Double circulatory system-heart pumps blood to the lungs to collect oxygen and at same time pumps blood around the body to deliver food+oxygen to cells 25 EFFECTS OF TRAINING ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 24/05/2017 Heart contracts more strongly. More blood pumped out with each beat – Stroke vol. Increases Cardiac output (vol. of blood per min.) increases. Resting pulse rate falls. Recovery rate improves. Blood pressure falls. 26 Functions Of The Skeleton SUPPORT/SHAPE PROTECTION 24/05/2017 MOVEMENT BLOOD PRODUCTION 27 BONES 24/05/2017 OSSIFICATION-bone growth-at end of bones (growth plates) EPIPHYSIS-end of bone covered in cartilage for protection DIAPHYSIS-middle of bone contains bone marrow PERISTEUM-covers all but end of bone 28 VERTEBRAL COLUMN 1. Cervical vertebrae-support neck+head let you bend and tilt your head 2. Thoracic vertebrae-ribs connected to these. Don’t move much protect heart and lungs from being squashed 3. Lumbar vertebrae-Big to support back allows plenty of twisting and turning 4. Sacrum –5 fused vertebrae a solid base for the trunk and legs 5. Coccyx-ancestral tail 24/05/2017 29 JOINTS TENDONS Attach muscle to the bone LIGAMENTS Attach bone to bone so provide stability for joints 24/05/2017 30 JOINTS Definition-where two or more bones meet. Three types of joints 24/05/2017 Fixed-cranium+sacrum Slightly moveable-vertebrae Freely movable-synovial joints hinge, ball+socket etc 31 FREELY MOVABLE/ SYNOVIAL JOINTS A freely movable joint has: Ligaments which hold it together Cartilage to protect the ends Synovial fluid to act as a shock absorber and make the joint work smoothly Synovial membrane which lines the joint capsule 24/05/2017 32 Three types of freely movable joints Ball +socket- Hinge- Pivot-joint between atlas+axis so you can turn your head, and between radius and ulna so you can turn your hand 24/05/2017 hip+ shoulder elbow+knee 33 TYPES OF MOVEMENT FLEXION-bending/bring two bones together at a joint EXTENSION-Straightening part of body to its normal position ABDUCTION-movement away from centre line of body ADDUCTION-movement towards centre line of body ROTATION-turning movement either part of body or all of body 24/05/2017 34 EFFECTS OF TRAINING ON BONES AND JOINTS 1. Bones become stronger. 2. Ligaments become stronger. 3. 24/05/2017 Stretching increases the range of movement at a joint -FLEXIBILITY 35 MUSCLES THREE TYPES 1. Voluntary (Striped)-Under conscious control. skeletal muscles-eg. biceps 2. Involuntary (smooth)-Not under conscious control-eg.intestines. 3. Cardiac (Striped)-Not under conscious control. Must work none stop. 24/05/2017 36 Name Of Muscles Their Location And Function -some examples 24/05/2017 Deltoid (shoulder)-Raise arm sideways at shoulder (abduction) Biceps (upper,front arm) Bends arm at elbow (flexion) Triceps (upper,back arm) Straightens arm at shoulder (extension) Hamstrings (upper,back leg) Bends leg at knee (flexion) Quadriceps (upper, front leg) Straightens leg at knee. NOTE DO NOT USE ABBREVIATIONS eg. quads or pecks 37 ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE ACTION Bending and straightening arm Bending arm at elbow-Biceps contract whilst triceps relax –FLEXION Straightening arm at elbow-Triceps contract whilst biceps relax-EXTENSION 24/05/2017 Bending and straightening leg Bending leg at knee-Hamstrings contract whilst quadriceps relax-FLEXION Straightening leg at knee-Quadriceps contract whilst hamstrings relax-EXTENSION 38 2 Types Of Muscle Contraction 1. ISOTONICproduces movement eg.running, throwing 2. ISOMETRICincreased tension but length does not alter eg.rugby scrum and tug of war 24/05/2017 39 2 Types Of Muscle Fibres 24/05/2017 SLOW TWITCH-do not tire easily used for endurance events eg.marathons FAST TWITCH-faster and more force but tire easily used for bursts of strength and power eg. sprints 40 Muscle Tone And Posture 24/05/2017 MUSCLE TONE-the state of partial contraction needed to just stand up POSTURE-poor muscle tone leads to poor posture 41 EFFECTS OF TRAINING ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM ENDURANCE TRAINING 1. Muscles get better at using oxygen, so can work harder and longer without fatigue. 2. M. get better at using fats for energy. 3. More capillaries grow around muscles, so better gas exchange. STRENGTH TRAINING 1. Increase in muscle size and strength. 2. M. contract more strongly 3. Tendons get bigger and stronger. 24/05/2017 42 FITNESS is-The ability to meet the demands of the environment. 5 HEALTH RELATED components: 1. Muscular strength 2. Muscular endurance 3. Flexibility 4. Body composition 5. Cardio-vascular fitness/aerobic capacity All above important to every day life and sports performers 24/05/2017 43 FOUR TYPES OF BONES LONG Upper and lower arms and legs ribs phalanges 24/05/2017 FLAT pelvis cranium scapula SHORT carpals in wrist tarsals in feet IRREGULAR patella vertebrae 44 SKILL RELATED FITNESS 6 components 24/05/2017 A B C P R S agility balance co-ordination power reaction time speed 45 Agility-ability to change position of body quickly eg dodging around players. Balance-ability to retain centre of gravity of body above a base. Eg on beam in gym, or doing good footwork in netball/basketball Co-ordination-ability to use two or more body parts together. Eg catching a ball 24/05/2017 46 Power-ability to do strength exercises quickly eg throw in athletics or hit a ball. Reaction time-time between presentation of stimulus and onset of movement (response) eg saving goal in football, fast start in sprint. Speed-rate at which we move all or part of our body over a distance. 24/05/2017 47 TRAINING 24/05/2017 48 Introduction Training involves: 24/05/2017 Following the principles Choosing a method Completing the programme 49 THE PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING 24/05/2017 S P O R Specificity T Tedium Progression Overload Reversibility/Regularity 50 24/05/2017 Specificity-you must do specific kinds of activity or exercises to build specific body parts. Progression-start slowly and gradually increase the amount of exercise you do. Overload-training more than you normally do. Using the FITT principle. Reversibility/regularity-any improvements that have taken place due to training will be reversed when you stop. Tedium –vary exercises/training to prevent boredom 51 OVERLOAD-in training 24/05/2017 F-FREQUENCY (how often) I- INTENSITY (how hard) T- TIME T-TYPE (choosing the right type of exercise) (how long) 52 METHODS OF TRAINING Continuous-run, swim,cycle –30 min same pace no rest.(Aerobic training)DISTANCE COMPETITIONS FARTLEK-involves many changes of speed and terrain. Adapt for running, cycling + other activities. Use for both aerobic and anaerobic trainingGAMES PLAYERS because mimics variation in speeds in game. 24/05/2017 53 INTERVAL-pattern of SETS of work with REST betweensprinters. CIRCUIT-6-10 STATIONS with different exercises. Complete once or several times with rest between.Do certain number of REPS, OR spend certain TIME at each station. Skills circuit-practice a skill at each station to improve technique for a particular sport.- any sport. WEIGHT training-muscular strength-heavy load small no. Reps. Muscular endurance-lighter load many REPS. Strength needed for power(explosive strength) eg.High jump take off or hitting a cricket/tennis/rounders ball. Muscular endurance-any sport needing muscles to keep going over long periods of time. 24/05/2017 54 Causes of sports injuries 24/05/2017 Blows to head or other parts. Collisions with other players. Overuse of body causing strain or sprain. Landing badly from a jump. Bad tackle. ETC.ETC. 55 Prevention of injury 1. 2. 3. 4. 24/05/2017 Sports performers reduce the risk of injury by:Warm-up and cool-down Correct clothing/footwear, protective clothing/equipment Follow rules of the event Only take part at correct levelbalanced competition 56 Sports injuries Fractures-a break or crack in the bone. Closed – skin not broken. Open- skin broken. SIGNS AND SYMPTONS Pain, may have heard a snap, can’t move, limb may look deformed. Dislocation-bone out of place at a joint. SIGNS AND SYMPTONS Pain, swelling, joint may look deformed. TREATMENT SEND FOR HELP + KEEP STILL 24/05/2017 57 Sprain-torn ligaments. Strain-torn muscles or tendons. Tennis and golfer’s elbow-torn muscles (over use) SIGNS AND SYMPTONS: Pain, swelling and unwilling to move the joint/limb TREATMENT R REST rest the injured part I ICE Apply ice around the injury C COMPRESSION bandage injury firmly E ELEVATE raise injured part All these help to reduce blood flow and/or bleeding. 24/05/2017 58 DEHYDRATION-feel weak and dizzy due to lack of Water. Treatment : give plenty of water to drink. HYPOHERMIA-body temperature falls below normal. You become too cold to function properly. Treatment: bring casualty inside, cover with blankets and send for help. 24/05/2017 59 Emergency first aid D R A B C 24/05/2017 Danger Response Airway Breathing circulation 60 Emergency first aid D Danger-check for danger to self + casualty. R Response-try to get a response from the casualty by gentle shaking and shouting. A Air ways-clear the airway by tilting head back. B Breathing-check to see if chest is rising, listen+look for breathing. C circulation-feel for a pulse in the neck(carotid pulse). 24/05/2017 61 Recovery position When to use If casualty is unconscious but breathing. The head is tilted back to keep airway clear and allow vomit to drain from the mouth without choking the person. 24/05/2017 62