Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Respiratory - Daphne - A Palomar College Web Server
Document related concepts
Transcript
Respiratory System Respiratory System • Primary Function – Gas Exchange • Secondary Functions – Speech – pH regulation of internal environment • Anatomical Divisions – Conducting pathways – Respiratory regions • sites of gas exchange • Conducting Pathways – Upper respiratory tract • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Nasal Cavity – Functions • warms air • humidifies air • filters air –Features of Nasal Cavity • Conchae • Ciliated epithelial mucosa • Nasal cavity communicates with nasal sinuses • Pharynx (refer to digestive system notes) • Pharynx – Functions • food and air pathways • resonating chamber for voice • swallowing – 3 divisions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Structural features of pharynx – Lined with a stratified squamous epithelium – Skeletal muscle in wall • Additional structural features – Eustachian tube opening – uvula – tonsils • Lower Respiratory Tract – Larynx – Trachea – Bronchi – Bronchioles • Larynx • Larynx • Structure of the Larynx • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages _ Epiglottis _ Epiglottis _ Arytenoid Epiglottis Corniculate Arytenoid _ Epiglottis Corniculate Arytenoid _ Cricoid Epiglottis Corniculate Arytenoid Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis Cuneiform Corniculate Arytenoid Thyroid Cricoid • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages & • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages & ligaments • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages & ligaments – Muscles • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages & ligaments – Muscles & • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages & ligaments – Muscles & bone • Structure of the Larynx – Cartilages & ligaments – Muscles & bone – Lined with a mucous membrane goblet cell cilia mucus • Other Features of Larynx • Other Features of Larynx –Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’) • Other Features of Larynx –Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’) – Vocal folds • Other Features of Larynx –Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’) – Vocal folds • Other Features of Larynx –Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’) – Vocal folds – Glottis • Primary Function of the Larynx • Primary Function of the Larynx – Sound production ------------------------- • Primary Function of the Larynx – Sound production ------------------------- Cricothyroid Muscle Cricothyroid Muscle • Primary Function of the Larynx – Sound production • Secondary Functions of the Larynx – Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract •ventricular folds and vocal folds • Secondary Functions of the Larynx – Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract •ventricular folds and vocal folds • Secondary Functions of the Larynx – Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract •ventricular folds and vocal folds •epiglottis • Trachea (‘Windpipe’) – General features • 1 inch diameter • 4-5 inches long – 1st inch in neck – Composed of 15-20 “C” rings – Rings linked by annular ligaments • Bronchi • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary (lobar) • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary (lobar) • to lobes of lungs • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary (lobar) • to lobes of lungs • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary (lobar) • to lobes of lungs – Tertiary • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary (lobar) • to lobes of lungs – Tertiary (segmental) • Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – Primary • to lungs – Secondary (lobar) • to lobes of lungs – Tertiary (segmental) • to bronchopulmonary segments of lungs • Bronchioles • Bronchioles – Branch off of tertiary bronchi • Bronchioles – Branch off of tertiary bronchi – Less than 1 mm in diameter • Bronchioles – Branch off of tertiary bronchi – Less than 1 mm in diameter – Smooth muscle in walls • Bronchioles – Branch off of tertiary bronchi – Less than 1 mm in diameter – Smooth muscle in walls • Bronchioles – Branch off of tertiary bronchi – Less than 1 mm in diameter – Smooth muscle in walls • exhibit bronchoconstriction • Bronchioles – Branch off of tertiary bronchi – Less than 1 mm in diameter – Smooth muscle in walls • exhibit bronchoconstriction & bronchodilation • Terminal Bronchioles • Terminal Bronchiole – Last bronchioles before alveoli • Terminal Bronchioles – Last bronchioles before alveoli – Deliver air to lung lobules Review: • Anatomical Divisions of Respiratory System – Conducting pathways – Respiratory regions: sites of gas exchange •respiratory bronchioles •alveoli • Respiratory Bronchioles – have alveoli • Alveoli • Alveoli (singular: alveolus) • Alveoli (singular: alveolus) –Sites of gas exchange • Alveoli (singular: alveolus) –Sites of gas exchange • Alveoli (singular: alveolus) –Sites of gas exchange –Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries • Alveoli (singular: alveolus) –Sites of gas exchange –Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries • Alveoli (singular: alveolus) –Sites of gas exchange –Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries –Secrete surfactant • Structure of Lungs – • Structure of Lungs – Alveoli – Bronchi and Bronchioles – Reticular CT with lots of elastic fibers – Blood vessels and nerves • Pleural Cavities • Pleural membranes – Visceral pleura – Parietal pleura • Pulmonary Ventilation – Movement of air into and out of the alveoli • Pulmonary ventilation can be explained by: 1. Boyle’s law: P ~ 1/V 2. And the basic concept that a given volume of air will move from a region of high air pressure into a region of low air pressure • Ventilation Steps – Inspiration (quiet or forced) – Expiration (quiet or forced) –Muscles of quiet inspiration •Diaphragm •External intercostals • Why does air enter the lungs when these muscles contract? –Muscles of forced inspiration –Pect. Minor – Serratus anterior – Sternocleidomastoid –Muscles of quiet expiration •None! –Muscles of forced expiration –Internal intercostals –Abdominal muscles • Asthma Video • Gas Exchange Video • Bronchoscopy • Respiration Video
