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Chapter 7 Muscular System © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Functions of Muscular System • Body heat to maintain body temperature • Body movement • Body form and shape to maintain posture © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Types of Muscles • Skeletal muscle – Under conscious control • Smooth muscle – Not under conscious control • Cardiac muscle – In the heart only © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Animation – Types of Muscle Tissue © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Characteristics of Muscles • • • • Contractibility Excitability or irritability Extensibility Elasticity © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscle Attachments and Functions • Over 650 muscles in the body • Muscles must be attached to bones for leverage • Muscles only pull, never push • Attached to bone by tendons © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscle Attachments and Functions • Muscles are attached at both ends • Attachments may be to bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin or to each other • Origin and insertion • Prime mover and antagonist • Synergists © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Sources of Energy and Heat • Narrow range of normal body temperature • 98.6 °F to 99.8°F • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – Need oxygen, glucose, and other material to make – By-product is lactic acid © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Contraction of Skeletal Muscle • Myoneural stimulation • Contraction of muscle proteins © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Effects of Aging • • • • Muscle atrophy Fibrous tissue replaces the muscle tissue Decrease in muscular strength and endurance Loss of energy storage – Fatigue © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscle Fatigue • Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles • When not enough oxygen can be transported to oxidize all the glucose – Muscles contract anaerobically • Excess lactic acid causes fatigue and cramps • Need to repay oxygen debt © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscle Tone • Muscle tone – Muscles are always slightly contracted and ready to pull • • • • Proper nutrition and regular exercise Isotonic Isometric Atrophy and hypertrophy © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Principle Skeletal Muscles • Skeletal or voluntary muscles – Move the skeleton • Also control movement of the eyeballs, eyelids, lips, tongues, and skin © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Naming of Skeletal Muscles • • • • • • Location Size Direction Number of origins Location of origin and insertion Not all muscles are named by above method © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscles • 656 muscles • 327 antagonistic muscles and two unpaired muscles – Orbicularis oris – Diaphragm © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscles • Head muscles • Neck muscles • Trunk and extremity muscles © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscles of the Head and Neck • Control expressions • Mastication • Movement of the head © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Muscles • Muscles of the upper extremities – Shoulder, arm and hand movements • Muscles of the trunk – Breathing and movement of the abdomen and pelvis • Muscles of the lower extremities – Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Exercise • Alters the size, structure, and strength of a muscle • Atrophy • Hypertrophy • Scar formation from injury © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Exercise • • • • Improved coordination Improved respiratory and circulatory system Elimination or reduction of excess fat Improved joint movement © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Exercise • Increase in muscle size • Improved antagonistic muscle coordination • Improved functioning in the cortical brain region, where the nerve impulses that start muscular contraction © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Massage Muscles • Potential health benefits • Terms used in massage therapy to describe type of massage • Location of surface body muscles • Physiotherapy and general massage © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Electrical Stimulation • Passing electrical currents through the skin into the body for therapeutic uses • Stimulate nerve tissue • Do not produce heat or cold • Used in physical therapy © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Intramuscular Injections • Deltoid (upper arm) • Vastus lateralis (anterior thigh) • Dorsal gluteal or ventral gluteal (buttocks) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Musculoskeletal Disorders • • • • • Muscle atrophy Muscle strain Muscle spasm Myalgia Hernia © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Musculoskeletal Disorders • • • • • Flatfeet (talipes) Tetanus (lockjaw) Torticollis (wry neck) Muscular dystrophy Myastenia gravis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Recreational Injuries • Tennis elbow • Shin splints • Rotator cuff disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Treatment • Short term treatment for sprains, tears, pulls and other minor muscle of joint injuries • RICE – – – – R I C E – – – – Rest Ice Compression Elevation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Chiropractic physician & Instructor at Heald College Back in the Game www.bigsportsmed.com © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
