Download THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - Fargo Public Schools

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• There are 206 bones
Functions of the skeleton:
1. Framework – gives structure and support
2. Protects the internal organs
 What does the cranium (skull) protect?
The brain!
What does the ribcage protect?
The heart and lungs!
3. Bones work with muscles to
make the body move.
4. Bone marrow produces blood cells.
5. Stores calcium in the bone marrow.
Types of Bones
1. Flat bones
– Cranium
– Scapula
– Clavicle
– Ribs
– Sternum
Cranium
Cranium Bones
Scapula
Clavicle
Ribs
• The ribcage is often
called the chest.
• It is also called the
thorax, which does not
include the arms and
hands.
Sternum
Types of Bones
2. Irregular bones:
-
Facial bones
Vertebrae (spine or back bone)
Ilium and Iliac Crest (hip)
Facial Bones
Vertebrae ( Back Bone / Spine)
- The bones in the
backbone are called
vertebrae.
- It consists of 33 bones
divided into 3 sections.
-
Vertebrae pictures from:
http://www.hughston.com/hha/spine.jpg
Vertebrae Sections:
1. Cervical Region (neck)
2. Thoracic Region
Vertebrae Section (continued)
3. Lumbar region (lower back)
Vertebrae
Ilium & Iliac Crest
http://www.sci-therapies.info/ilium.png
http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/anatomy/ilium.jpg
Irregular Bones:
Types of Bones:
3. Long Bones:
-
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Humerus (Upper arm)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Humerus_ant.jpg
Long bones:
Radius & Ulna:
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/15/99115-004-EF2C9006.jpg
Humerus, Radius & Ulna
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/ARM.JPG
:
Femur
• The femur is the upper
leg bone.
• Helps form the hip joint
by articulating (fit
together) with the
pelvis.
• The hip joint is the
largest ball and socket
joint in the body.
http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/femur.jpg
Tibia and Fibula
• The tibia, in the outer
lower leg, supports
most of the body's
weight.
• The fibula is the
smaller bone that
provides support for
the ankle and space for
muscle attachments.
• Patella is the knee cap.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananato
my/skeletal/leg/leg.jpg
Types of Bones:
4. Short Bones
- Wrist and hand:
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- Ankle and foot:
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Wrist and Hand Bones
http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hand/hand_anatomy/hand_anatomy_bones01.jpg
Foot and Ankle
Bones:http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/0199210896.tarsus.1.jpg
What keeps the skeleton together?
• Ligaments –
bone to bone
http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/d
oc/graphics/images/en/12686.jpg
What else keeps the skeleton
together?
• Tendons – Connects
bone to muscle
What is tendonitis?
• - itis means inflammation or infection of
• Your answer?
• Inflammation of the tendons !
What are JOINTS ?
• The point where 2 bones meet is a joint.
• Joints are necessary for motion to occur.
• What provides lubrication of a joint?
– Joints are filled with synovial fluid.
http://www.cartilamine.com/images/joint_pain.jpg
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
• Joints can be grouped by the amount
of motion allowed.
IMMOVABLE – unable to move at all.
1. Sternum
http://iaks-www.ira.uka.de/home/haimerl/seminar/sternum.gif
Immovable Joint
2. Cranium
(Skull)
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
1. Vertebrae
(spine or backbone)
Slightly Moveable
2. Pelvis
FREELY MOVEABLE
http://www.biometricsltd.com/images/wrist.jpg
1. Wrist
Freely Moveable Joints
http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/gallery/elbow/studentselbow%20copy.jpg
2. Elbow
Freely Moveable Joints
www.gentili.net/FBI/shoulder.gif
3. Shoulder
Freely Moveable Joints
4. Ankle
http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpg
Freely Moveable Joints
5. Toes
Toe Injuries and Disorders: MedlinePlus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html
Freely Moveable Joints
6. Knee (Patella)
http://www.wmt.com/TotalKnee/kneeImages/knee-anatomycallouts2.jpg
Moveable Joints
7. Hips
http://www.fitness-programs-forlife.com/images/FITP_HipJointsCirc.jpg
Moveable Joints
http://www.skullsdirect.co.uk/assets/imgs/subpages/customProducts/5.jpg
8. Jaw
4 TYPES OF JOINTS
1. BALL AND SOCKETrounded end of one
bone fits snugly into the
other bones socket.
Examples:
a. Shoulder
b. Hip
Types of Joints
2. Hinge – movement of
joint is in one direction
(like a door)
Examples:
a. Elbow
b. Knee
c. Knuckles
d. Jaw
http://www.wi-rheum.org/images/KneeJoint.jpg
Screen clipping taken: 7/31/2009
Types of Joints:
3. Gliding - bones
slipping over other
bones with a free
flowing movement.
Examples:
a. Ankle
b. Wrists
http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpg
Screen clipping taken: 7/31/2009, 12:15 PM
Types of Joints
4. Pivot - bone rests
on top of another
bone allowing full
movement
http://www.jeron.je/anglia/learn/sec/science/humans3/pivot
Review Types of Joints…
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_oIJPJ_A0dlM/R1YtItNmMWI/AAAAAAAAAEA/hA7DOZto2pY/s200/arthritis-knuckle-gout.jpg
1. Arthritis
Arthro - means joint
- Itis = means inflammation or infection
Symptoms:
a. swelling
b. stiffness
c. pain
d. redness
e. loss of ability to function
2. DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE (DJD) –
changes in the structure of the joints
that occur with aging
3. DISLOCATION –
end of the bone is out of alignment.
4. FRACTURES – break in a bone
A. Simple fracture:
• Bone is broken, and
the skin is not open
around the bone.
•
Http://www.ghi.com/webmd/topics/fracture.jpg
B. Compound Fracture
Bone is broken, and the
skin is penetrated by
the bone.
http://www.itim.nsw.gov.au/images/Compound_fracture_dislocati
on_left_ankle.jpg
C. Comminuted
FractureBone breaks into
pieces and the bone
fragments are lodged
in the surrounding
tissue.
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/FRACTURE.JPG
D. Greenstick Fracture
Bone is bent and
splits, causing an
incomplete break.
(Similar to a tree branch
that is bent too far)
http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8856.jpg
What type of fracture is it?
Simple Fracture
Compound Fracture
Simple Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Find the greenstick fracture….
Comminuted Fracture
Let’s do a few more…..
YES! Greenstick fracture
Compound Fracture
You got it! Simple Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
5. KYPHOSIS
- OSIS means
condition in which.
Condition in which
there is an abnormal
posterior curve of
the spine
(hunchback).
6. LORDOSIS
The condition in
which there is an
excessive concave
(inward) curve of the
spine. (Swayback).
7. Osteomyelitis
Infection or
inflammation of the
bone, usually caused
by a bloodborne
pathogen.
8. Osteoporosis
Condition in which bones
become full of tiny
holes, causing them to
break easily.
Common in women after
menopause.
OSTEO- means bone
-OSIS means condition
PORO- means holes,
porous like a sponge
Take care of your bones!
http://health.malaxi.com/uploaded_images/osteoporosis-771021.jpg
9. RICKETS
Condition in which
the bones are soft
because they do
not calcify. Often
caused by a lack of
calcium and
phosphorus in the
diet
10. SCOLIOSIS
Condition in which
there is a lateral (to
the side) curve of
the spine.
http://drosmon.com/images/scoliosis2.gif
11. SPRAIN – Severe stretching or
tearing of a ligament
Muscles
• Definition - body tissue composed of cells
and fibers which produce movement of the
body part or organ.
Types of Muscles:
1. Striated / Skeletal – Voluntary; moves with conscious thought
– Muscles form a bridge over joints
– Cell structure: striped looking; bundles of
stringy fibers of different lengths
– As your muscles flex (contract) and relax
(extend) your bone moves
STRIATED/ SKELETAL MUSCLE
http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514271521/html/x451.html
Striated Muscle – forms a bridge over
joints for movement
Types of Muscles:
2.
Visceral / Smooth –
- Involuntary; Moves without conscious thought
- Muscles form the walls of internal organs of the
body
- Digestive organs
- Diaphragm
- Blood vessels
- Cellular structure: Spindle shaped (tapers at the ends)
with a central nucleus
Visceral / Smooth Muscles
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html
Example of Smooth Muscle -
Combination of Voluntary &
Involuntary Muscles
• Blinking - eyes
• Swallowing – esophagus
• Breathing - lungs
Muscle Types:
3. Cardiac – Heart
- Branched,
networked cells
(all connected)
- Generates
electrical impulse
Cardiac Muscle:
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate76.jpg
Terms to know….
• Atrophy – muscle gets smaller, shrinks from
nonuse of muscle
• Contractures - permanent / abnormal
shortening of muscle due to inactivity or
paralysis.
Atrophy & Contracture
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TUcw6t9-ZxM/SE2uw4PAqgI/AAAAAAAAACs/2uMUeep8JsY/S240/Muscle%2BAtrophy.jpg
http://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/pid=1.7.8.2.24
Terms to know….
• PROM – Passive Range of Motion
– Set of exercises done for the patients
muscles and joints
• Paralyzed
• Weak
• Comatose
Basic Movements of the Skeletal
Muscles
• Adduct – moving a body part toward the
midline
• Abduct – moving a body part away from the
midline
• Extend – straightening a body part by moving
it away from the body.
• Flex – bending a body part toward the body.
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Superior – Toward the upper part of the body;
above
• Inferior – Away from the head or toward the
lower part of the body; below
• Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body
• Posterior – Toward or at the back of the body
• Lateral – Away from the midline of the body;
the outer side
• Medial- Toward the midline of the body; on
the inner side
Review…
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_F5KUikh1
jTU/SYpKPevWjfI/AAAAAAAAACY/oE
eUDieUBOw/s320/directional1.jpg
• Superficial (external) – Toward or at the body
surface
• Deep (internal) – Away from the body surface;
more internal
Superficial
http://www.azburncenter.org/site/reso
urces/images/superficialpartial.jpg
Disorders of the Muscular System
• Fibromyalgia – Pain of the connective tissue
and muscles
• Fibrositis – Inflammation of the connective
tissue
• Muscle Strain – Trauma to the muscle, usually
caused by a violent contraction.
• Muscular Dystrophy (congenital and chronic)
deterioration of muscle tissue that progresses
over time.
• Myalgia – Muscle pain.
• Torn muscle – tear of a muscle tissue; usually
caused by extreme trauma to the muscle.