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Sedentism Definition: Living permanently in one place Factors that increase sedentism: Emergence of agriculture Areas that are rich in natural resources Larger nuclear family unit (consequence) Permanent shelter (eg: cave) Before Emergence Agriculture Overall more movement: Movement with the seasons Movement with the herds of animals • Smaller families/or groups of people • Increased variety in diet • Less disease Domesticating Agriculture ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Consequences: Dependency on fewer plants Greater vulnerability to weather Complete dependency on harvest times Need for intense physical labor Need for storing and preservation of food Increase in infectious disease Infectious disease • • • • Closely related with Population growth It is difficult to maintain a clean & healthy living space Humans also share diseases with domesticated animals Clustering of humans & animals into confined spaces is a breading ground for infectious disease Eventually natural selection would help develop immunities to specific pathogens that plagued the agricultural revolution Weather Before not a huge concern move with the seasons Now as a result much more vulnerable • Large nuclear families make it difficult to move with the seasons • Bad weather also was a contributor to sickness and disease Dependency on fewer plants Made agriculture a huge gamble Increase dependency on weather/certain weather conditions favor specific crops Communities find themselves betting their lives on the weather patterns (e.g.: rainfall) As a result making early agriculture much more of a gamble than hunting and gathering Harvest Times • Complete dependency on the harvest times • Agriculturalists, to survive, gathered their food 1-3 harvest times in a year • Nothing could interrupt the harvest (e.g.: war/epidemic) Storing Produce • Since harvest season is 1-3 times in a year food must be stored away for continual use Reasons/Considerations for storage: Protection from moisture Animals Thieves Process of distribution of food so that there is enough between harvest times to survive Physical Labor • Increase in intensive manual labor/several times of the year • There is a vast difference between hunting/gathering & agriculture • Labor of both women and men was required in the fields • These conditions enhanced individual discipline Population Growth • Mobile hunters/gatherer groups have to limit reproduction, this lifestyle does not allow large families • On the other hand agricultural communities do not have this amount of mobility • More children in agricultural community the better: more hands to work in the fields • As a result there is a tendency for larger families Technology Earliest phase Stone axe Hoe (left) Sickle (left) All tools used in preparation of fields & harvesting grains Technology • A primitive milling device for grinding seeds between two stones “quern” (right) • This would process the grain into edible form • Used for thousands of years by people who collected seeds but did not plant them Conclusion • In conclusion domestication of agriculture was a large step for native peoples • It increased sedentism, which increased population • Domestication encouraged the development of social & individual discipline • These changes molded humans & human society in new ways