Download The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
Dean Handimulya, MD
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Introduction
• The primary function of the respiratory
system is to provide oxygen to, and remove
carbon dioxide from, the bloodstream.
• The respiratory system can be devided into
three main portion :
– the upper airway
– the lower airway
– the terminal alveoli
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Upper Airway
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Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Pharynx
Tonsils
Larynx
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Lower Airway
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Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• The lungs are the major organs of
respiration, providing gas exchange and
thereby supplying the blood and body
tissues with oxygen and disposing of waste
carbon dioxide
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Sign & Symptoms of Pulmonary
Disease
• Pulmonary disease is often classified as acute or
chronic, obstructive or restrictive, infectious or
noninfectious, and is associated with many
common signs & symptoms. The most common is
cough & dyspnea
• Other manifastation include chest pain, abnormal
sputum, hemoptysis, cyanosis, digital clubbing &
altered breathing patterns
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Cough
• Cough as physiologic response occurs frequently
in healthy people, but a persistent dry cough is
commonly caused by a tumor, congestion or
hypersensitive airways (allergies)
• A productive cough with purulent sputum may
indicate infection, whereas a productive cough
with nonpurulent sputum is nonspesific and just
indicates irritation
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Hemoptysis indicates pathology : infection,
inflamation, abscess, tumor or infarction
• Dyspnea, or shortness of breath (SOB),
usually indicates adequate ventilation
(i.e.,hyperventilation with anxiety)
insufficient amounts of oxygen in
circulating blood
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Dyspnea is usually caused by diffuse and
extensive rather in focal pulmonary disease,
pulmonary embolism being the aception
• Factors contributing to the sansation of
dyspnea include increase work of breathing,
respiratory muscle false, decreased
breathing reserve, and strong emotions,
particularly anxiety & anger
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Dyspnea when the person is lying down is
called orthopnea and is caused by
redistribution of body water
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Chest pain originates in the pleurae, airway or the
chest wall and is caused by pulmonary disorder,
including pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infark,
tumor and spontaneous pneumothorax
• Pulmonary pain patterns are usually localized in
the substernal or chest region over involved lung
fields which may include the anterior chest, side
or back
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin
and mucous membranes, may be central,
that is caused by decreased oxygen
saturation of haemoglobin in arterial blood
or peripheral, with slow blood circulation in
fingers and toes
• Central cyanosis is best observed in buccal
(cheek) mucous membranes and lips
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Peripheral cyanosis is observed in nail beds
• Cyanosis can be caused by decreased
arterial oxygenation, pulmonary or cardiac
right to left shunts, decreased cardiac
output, cold external temperature or anxiety
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Clubbing, thickening & widening of the
terminal phalnges of the fingers & toes,
results in a painless clublike appearance
recognized by the loss of the angle between
the nail & the nail bed
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
• Altered breathing patterns, including
changes in the rate, depth, regularity and
effort of breathing, occur in response to any
condition affecting the pulmonary system
• Breathing pattern can vary depending on the
neuromuscular or neurologic disease or
trauma or disease present
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005
Dean Handimulya UIEU 2005