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Chapter 36
Infection Control and
Medical Asepsis
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Infection Control
• Infection control is an ongoing aspect of
working in health care
• What is asepsis?
– The state of being free from pathogenic
microorganisms
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Microorganisms
• Some microorganisms are helpful and
necessary
– Normal flora: A balance of microorganisms that
provide a natural immunity against certain
infections
• Some microorganisms cause disease; these
are called pathogens
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Microorganisms
• Requirements to sustain life and facilitate
growth and development:
– Oxygen
– pH
– Temperature
– Nutrients
– Water
– A host to inhabit
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Preventing Disease Transmission
• Communicable Diseases
– Review Table 36-1
– Learn these common diseases, their means of
transmission, incubation times, symptoms, and
treatments
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The Infection Cycle
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Infectious Agents
•
•
•
•
•
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Ricksettiae
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Reservoir or Source
• Person who, or object that,
becomes infected
– Examples: People,
equipment, food, water,
insects
• Allows the infectious agent
to survive, grow, and
multiply
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Portal of Exit
• Exit from the reservoir (source) that allows the
infectious agent to be transmitted
• Secretions, excretions, body fluids
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Means of Transmission
• How the infectious agent travels through the
portal of exit into a susceptible individual
• Can occur through direct or indirect contact
– Direct: touching, eating, drinking
– Indirect: inhalation, vector, fomite
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Susceptible Host
• One that is capable of being infected
– Disease-fighting capabilities are lowered
– May be due to poor health or hygiene
• Individuals who are elderly, frail,
immunosuppressed, or have a chronic disease
are particularly susceptible
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Infectious Disease Process
•
•
•
•
•
Incubation
Prodromal
Acute
Declining
Convalescent
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Immunity
• Immunity is best when your body is in a state
of good physical, emotional, and mental
health
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The Body’s Defense Mechanisms
•
•
•
•
Nutrition and exercise
Proper rest
Good hygiene habits
Respiratory tract
– Cilia
– Coughing and sneezing
– Tears, sweat, urine
– Hydrochloric acid in stomach
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Infection Control in the Medical Office
•
•
•
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Patient education
Proper cleaning
Practice Universal and Standard Precautions
Follow OSHA guidelines
– The blood-borne pathogen standard
– Complete an incident report after potential
exposures
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Hand Washing
• The most effective way to eliminate many diseases!
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Hand Washing
• Appropriate times to perform hand washing
– Before and after seeing patients
– Before and after using the restroom
– Before and after handling specimens or
soiled/contaminated materials
– After removing gloves
• Hand washing versus surgical scrub
• Using an alcohol-based rub
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Gloving
• Necessary when exposed to blood or bodily
fluids
• Provides a barrier protection
– Reduces the transfer of pathogens
• Not a substitute for hand washing
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Applying Other PPE
• Selecting the right personal protective
equipment (PPE) for potential exposure is key
Direct hand contact exposure
Gloves
Potential splashes, sprays, or
droplets
Airborne transmission
Gowns or labcoats, safety
glasses, face shields
Face shields or masks
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Sanitization
• Apply gloves before sanitizing objects
• Washing and scrubbing to remove materials
– Rinse in cool water
– Soak in detergent
– Wash with brush
– Rinse thoroughly
– Dry
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Disinfection
• Items are placed in chemical solutions to kill
disease-producing microorganisms
• Used on objects only
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Sterilization
• Process that destroys all forms of living
organisms
– Sterilization by autoclave
– Chemical sterilization
– Dry heat sterilization
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Autoclaving
• Sanitize articles
• Wrap articles to be autoclaved
– Several items may be wrapped together, with
gauze square between
– Take caution not to wrap too loosely or tightly
– May use envelope packaging
– Use indicator tape or device to ensure quality
control
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Wrap Items for Autoclaving
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Autoclaving
• Follow manufacturer’s directions for operating
the autoclave
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Chemical Sterilization
• Used for
– sharp items and instruments that would
otherwise dull;
– rubber or vinyl items that cannot withstand
autoclaving heat
• Cover item completely with solution; soak for
a minimum 10 hours or manufacturer’s
guidelines
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Dry Heat Sterilization
• Used for sterilizing sharp instruments
• Time consuming, takes 1-2 hours at a high
temperature
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