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INFECTION CONTROL AND
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
INFECTION
• Infection is the invasion and
multiplication of microorganisms
that are not normally present
within the body
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
TYPES OF INFECTIVE
AGENTS
•
•
•
•
•
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsia
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Agent - entity that causes disease
– Biological agents
– Chemical agents
– Physical agents
• Reservoir - place where agent can
survive to colonize and reproduce
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Portal of exit - route by which
infectious agents leave reservoir to
be transferred to susceptible host
• Portal of entry - contact point
where transmission of agent occurs
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Mode of transmission
– Contact transmission - physical
transfer of agent
– Airborne transmission - contamination
suspended in air
– Vehicle transmission - agent
transferred via inanimate object
– Vectorborne transmission - agent
transferred through animate means
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
BREAKING
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Between agent and reservoir
– Cleansing
– Disinfection
– Sterilization
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
BREAKING
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Between reservoir and portal of
exit
– Proper hygiene
– Clean dressings
– Clean linen
– Clean equipment
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
BREAKING
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Between portal of exit and mode of
transmission
– Block exit of infectious agent by:
• Maintaining clean dressings on all wounds
and injuries
• Covering mouth when sneezing and
coughing
• Wearing gloves
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
BREAKING
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Between portal of entry and host
– Maintain skin integrity
– Use sterile techniques
• Between host and agent
– Proper nutrition
– Exercise
– Immunize
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
NORMAL
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• Nonspecific immune defense
– Skin and normal flora
– Mucous membranes
– Sneezing, coughing, and tearing
– Elimination and acidic environment
– Inflammation
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
NORMAL
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• Specific immune defense mounts a
response specific to the invading
antigen
• Production of T-cells release
lymphokines and B-cells
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STAGES OF THE
INFECTIOUS PROCESS
•
•
•
•
Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Convalescent
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
• A nosocomial infection is acquired
in a health care facility and was not
present at the time of admission
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
• Handwashing/Hand hygiene
• Gloves
• Mask, eye protection, and face
shield
• Gown
• Client care equipment
• Linens
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
• Occupational health and bloodborne
pathogens
– Prevent injuries from sharp
instruments such as needles and
scalpels
– Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags,
and other ventilation devices to
resuscitate
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
ISOLATION
• Isolation precautions based on
route of transmission
– Airborne
– Contact
– Droplet
• Reverse isolation - barrier
protection to protect clients that
are highly susceptible to infection
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.