Download Cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases
Done by: Isra Abu Alreesh
Alice Tayseer
Cardiovascular system
 The cardiovascular system carries
oxygen and nutrients to all of the
cells in the body.
 It also picks up carbon dioxide and
other waste products that the body
produces so that they can be
disposed of.
 The main components of this system
are the heart, blood vessels, and
blood.
 When a problem arises within the
system, it is known as a
cardiovascular disease.
Infectious disease of
blood
•
What is sepsis?
life-threatening medical condition, found in association
with a known or suspected infection (usually but not
limited to bacteria) whose signs and symptoms fulfill
at least two of the following criteria of a systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):
– tachycardia >90 b/min (rest)
– body temperature either high (>100.4F or 38C) or
low (<96.8F or 36C)
– increased respiratory rate of >20 breaths per minute
or a PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in
arterial blood) <32 mm Hg
– abnormal white blood cell count (>12000 cells/µL or
<4000 cells/µL or >10% bands [an immature type of
white blood cell)
•
Patients that meet the above criteria have sepsis and
are also termed septic.
• Terms that are often used in place of
sepsis are bacteremia, septicemia,
and blood poisoning.
• However, bacteremia means the
presence of bacteria in the blood; this
can occur without any of the criteria
listed above and should not be
confused with sepsis. For example, you
can brush your teeth and get
bacteremia for a short time and have no
SIRS criteria occur.
What cause sepsis ? ?
Common bacterial causes of sepsis
are gram-negative bacilli (for
example, E. coli,P. aeruginosa, E.
corrodens), S.
aureus, Streptococcus species
and Enterococcus species.
Candida species are some of the
most frequent fungi that cause
sepsis.
Bacterial sepsis
Streptococcal
septicemia
• A common cause
(Streptococcus pyogenes).
streptococcus causes severe
fever, malaise, and dropping
blood pressure.
• An important complication of
streptococcal septicemia is
endocarditis.
Rheumatic fever
• is an immune reaction taking
place in the heart tissues and
is usually stimulated by
antigens derived from
Streptococcus pyogenes.
• Inflammation of the heart
tissues is often accompanied
by inflammation and arthritis
of the joints, a condition
called rheumatoid arthritis.
• Tularemia is due to a
Gram-negative rod
Francisella tularensis.
– Patients experience a
blood disorder
accompanied by fever,
malaise, and numerous
nonspecific symptoms.
• Septicemic
plague When the
Gram-negative rod
Yersinia pestis enters
the blood.
• transmitted by its
rodent reservoir, the
rat flea.
Brucellosis
• Brucellosis is also known as undulant fever.
• The bacterial agents …. genus Brucella.
• They are transmitted to humans by
unpasteurized milk and contaminated meat.
• the bacteria cause fever, chills, and malaise.
Anthrax
• due to the Gram-positive, aerobic,
sporeforming rod Bacillus anthracis.
• Spores are inhaled from the air, or
they are acquired during contact with
contaminated soil or animals such as
sheep and cattle.
•In the bloodstream, B.
anthracis causes severe
hemorrhaging, and the spleen,
kidneys, and other bloodrich
organs become engorged with
blood
Relapsing fever
• Relapsing fever is so named
because of the recurrent periods
of fever.
• Borrelia recurrentis transmitted
by lice.It may also be
transmitted among humans by
ticks.
• Jaundice and rose-colored skin
spots accompany the infection.
Lyme disease
• Borrelia burgdorferi.
• transmitted by ticks of the genus
Ixodes.
• first symptoms of Lyme disease is a
bull's-eye rash occurring on the skin.
The rash is called erythema chronicum
migrans.
• After the rash fades and spirochetes
enter the blood, fever and other
symptoms appear.
• the heart is affected and irregular
heartbeat may be observed.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• caused by the rickettsia
Rickettsia rickettsii.
• transmitted by ticks of the
genus Dermacentor.
• The disease is characterized
by a maculopapular skin
rash (a “spotted rash”)
occurring on the appendages
and then spreading to the
trunk. The fever is very high,
and headaches accompany the
disease.
Viral Diseases
Viremia
• is the presence of viruses in the
bloodstream.
• commonly occurs in viral infections,
but is dangerous only in certain
infections.
“systemic” symptoms
headache, fever, skin rash, diarrhea, and
muscle pains. Exact
symptoms depend on a type of
infection; there are no “specific
symptoms of viremia”.
Primary and Secondary Viremia
• Primary viremia << invasion of
viruses into the blood from the initial
site of infection. Viruses can then
infect various organs, like the lymph
nodes or liver, and spread into the
blood again after some days or weeks;
this is secondary viremia.
Yellow fever.
• Transmitted by the mosquito
Aedes aegypti .
• After injection, the virus
spreads to the lymph nodes
and blood, where it persists in
the bloodrich organs such as
the liver.
• Very high fever, nausea, and
jaundice accompany the
disease. The mortality rate is
high.
• Transmitted by the Aedes
aegypti mosquito
• cause fever and severe muscle,
bone, and joint pains, leading to
break bone fever .
• Successive exposures to the
virus may result in dengue
hemorrhagic fever ,in which
extensive hemorrhaging occurs
in the blood-rich organs .
Infectious
mononucleosis
caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
remain latent in the B-lymphocytes.
Symptoms
sore throat, mild fever, enlarged spleen,
and an elevation of infected Blymphocytes known as Downey cells.
The viruses are often transmitted by saliva.
Treatment usually consists of extensive
bed rest, and recurrences are possible.
The virus of infectious mononucleosis is
related to a type of tumor of the jaw
tissues known as Burkitt's lymphoma.
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Destruction of T-lymphocytes of the immune
system was associated with these
infections.
Vasculitis
• occurs when your body attacks your blood vessels. It's
not always clear why this happens, infection, some
cancers, certain immune system disorders or an allergic
reaction may serve as the trigger.
• primary vasculitis “unknown”
• secondary vasculitis
–
–
–
–
Infections
Immune system diseases.
Allergic reactions.
Blood cell cancers.
Rheumatoid vasculitis<<
• Lymphangitis is an inflammation of
the lymphatic channels that occurs as a
result of infection at a site distal to the
channel. The most common cause of
lymphangitis in humans is Streptococcus
pyogenes (Group A strep).
Continue with Alice
^_^
CARDITIS
•
Carditis, inflammation of
the heart, is most
conveniently broken
down into three
categories:
1. Pericarditis
2. Myocarditis
3. Endocarditis
PERICARDITIS
• Pericarditis, inflammation of
the fibroserous sac enclosing
the heart, manifests itself as
one of three types as a result
of the bodies reaction to the
infecting agent
•
Acute serofibrinous
pericarditis - the result of
virus infection
•
Acute purulent pericarditis the result of bacterial
infection (except
Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
• Chronic pericarditis - the
result of infection by M.
tuberculosis or fungi
The most common viruses
causing the disease are
members of the Picornaviridae
(enteroviruses)
• most common bacteria infecting
the pericardium are the
pyogenic cocci
(Staphylococcus, Streptococcu
s, Neisseria)
• Chronic pericarditis is most
commonly caused by M.
tuberculosis or Histoplasma
capsulatum.
MYOCARDITIS
• Many species of viruses, bacteria,
chlamydia, rickettsia, fungi and protozoans
can cause myocarditis. However, viruses
are the most important infectious agents.
Of these, the enteroviruses are the single
most important group.
• Coxsackie B virus >> Direct viral damage
of myocardial cell.
MYOCARDITIS
ENDOCARDITIS
• inflammation of the membrane
lining the chambers of the heart
and covering the cusps of the
various valves.
• Is caused directly by microbial
colonization of the endocardium.
• or indirectly by induction of
autoimmunity, as in acute
rheumatic fever.
• Direct colonization is termed
infective endocarditis
• Almost all bacteria and many fungi, when
they get into the blood stream, can cause
infective endocarditis.
• 80% of the cases are caused by
streptococci or staphylococci.
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
• Low grade fever
• Anorexia
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Anemia
• Splenomegaly
Serologic findings include:
•Hypergammaglobulinemia
•High levels of rheumatoid
factor
•High levels of antinuclear
antibody
•High levels of circulating
immune complexes
Urinary findings may
include:
•Proteinuria
•Microscopic hematuria
•Red blood cell casts
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
• Chylamydia pneumoniae
infection is one of risk factors that can
induce plaque rupture. The plaque debris
lodges in a blood vessel upon rupture and
blocks blood flow.
Myocardial
abcesses
• is a suppurative
infection of the
myocardium,
endocardium, native
or prosthetic valves or
perivalvular
structures.
Causes of myocardial abscess
Associated with endocarditis
– Native valve endocarditis
– Prosthetic valve endocarditis
– Myocardial infection.
Associated with septicemia:
•Bronchopneumonias
•Genitourinary infections
Miscellaneous:
– Complications of acute MI
– Trauma
– Mechanical interventions Catheterization, angioplasty,
stent
– Infection associated with
L.V aneurysm
– Infection associated with
atrial myxoma
– Myocarditis and suppuration
associated with HIV
– Transplanted heart infection
Protozoal and Parasitic Diseases
Toxoplasmosis
• caused by the sporozoan
Toxoplasma gondii.
• In humans, the protozoa multiply
in the bloodstream and undergo a
complex reproductive cycle.
• Patients experience fever, with
other constitutional abnormalities,
but symptoms are generally mild.
• AIDS patients, toxoplasmosis can
result in seizures and then brain
inflammation, and it may be a
cause of death.
Malaria
• blood disease due to many species of the
genus Plasmodium.
• transmitted by mosquitoes Anopheles.
• they invade the red blood cells in the
merozoite form. Within the red blood cells,
the protozoa undergo various stages of
their life cycle, and eventually the red blood
cells rupture to release large numbers of
parasites.
• The toxic compounds released during the
rupture cause the paroxysms of chills and
fever that characterize malaria.
• Treatment is effective with drugs such as
quinine, chloroquine, and primaquine.
Schistosomiasis
• Schistosomiasis is caused by
Schistosoma mansoni.
• The parasites multiply and live
within the bloodstream
• Interfere with the flow of blood
and lymph and cause local
tissue damage.
filariasis
Cause
(round worms) of the family
Filariodidea. There are three
types of these thread-like filarial
worms:
•
Wuchereria bancrofti,90%
•
Brugia malayi, the remainder
•
B. timori, also causes the
diseases.
transmitted to humans through
mosquitoes.
Symptoms
The majority of infections
are asymptomatic. still
cause damage to the
lymphatic system
Acute episodes of local
inflammation involving
skin, lymph nodes and
lymphatic vessels often
accompany the chronic
lymphoedema or
elephantiasis.
Chagas disease
• American
trypanosomiasis, is
caused by infection
with Trypanosoma
cruzi.
• Transmitted by
blood-sucking
triatomine insects
(kissing bugs)
Chronic chagasic
cardiomyopathy
Signs of congestion due to
isolated left-sided heart failure
Biventricular failure with
peripheral edema,
hepatomegaly, ascites, and
pulmonary congestion are more
common in the later stages.
Signs of thromboembolism may
appear, mostly with
embolization to the brain, lungs,
and extremities.
Thank you