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Bovine Reproduction Prof. Dr. Kamil Naguib Mettias Reproduction Evaluation Is there a problem Pinpoint the cause Set achievable gools TO :* Cull non breeding cows * if over 10% …….serious problem in Reproduction The most two important factors * Heat detection * Conception rate MEASURES OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN CATTLE Age at first calving Days open First service conception rate Services per conception Calving interval Pregnancy rate Net calf crop Days in Milk For 1 year avarage CI,DIM should be 160 – 170 Every 1 day delay after 150 ADIM may lead to a decrease of 80 gm of milk i.e in animal milking 25 Kg /d , in 200 days the animal loose 50 x8= 4 Kg/day. Days in Milk at First Breeding 70 days as a goal is good * Herds with =22 days over has no problem =30 – 35 days over has one heat missed in 50 % =40 – 45 days over has one heat missed / cow or about 2 in 50 % Days Open The most important bottom line indicator for reproductive efficiency. Breeding cow at 1st heat may result in 55 D.O Optimum should be 90 – 110 days Cows over 115 D.O. have reproductive problem Calculation of D.O. With AI differ than with free bull Days open Female fertility Herd health Management Insemination Breeding season management Herd health Bull fertility NET CALF CROP days open Breeding heifers gestation Calf survival Dry Period Length Low Days = inadequate rest ,involution & regeneration of udder = low Milk More days =high feed cost with no milk = Fat cow syndrome = Low Milk production It should be 45 – 55 days Cows with low calving interval need long period. Cows with long calving interval need short period. Conception Rate Cows bred but not conceived increase D.O. by 21 days S/C & CR are as one indicator for reproduction performance 66% CR equal 1.5 S/C It is affected by: Timing of Insemination Semen Handling Insemination Technique Reproductive Tract Infection Nutrition Semen Quality Heat Detection Weather Cow Fertility activity teaser observation Low milk progesterone Body temperature Cervical mucus Missing Heat at Early Lactation Check Do all cows are o.k at reproductive Tract Cystic ovaries ! Adequate nutrition Spent time for detection Are heat detection aids used Is environment O.K to show oestrus Culling policy Planned Infertility Mastitis Production Not planned Milk yield Age Disease or Injury Replacement Heifers 100 cows 30 replacement 20 culling Control growth Early calving 50 females Nutrition Environment Breed Age at puberty Body weight Skeletal growth Management Infectious causes Protozoal Trichomonas Neospora Bacterial Brucella Campylobacter Leptospira Listeria Salmonella Viral IBR EVA other Fungal Mycoses