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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water in Emergencies
Session 1
Water Supply Linkages
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Terminology
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WASH
WATSAN
WES
Water & Habitat
Public health engineering
Public health promotion
Hygiene promotion
Environmental health
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Water Supply Linkages
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Transmission Routes
Transmission
route
Infection
Prevention strategies
Water-borne
Diarroheas and
dysenteries (including
cholera)
Hepatitis A
Improve quality of drinking water
Prevent casual use of unprotected water sources
Improve sanitation
Improve hygiene
Water-washed
Infectious skin and eye
diseases
Louse-borne typhus
Increased quantity of water used
Improved accessibility & reliability of supply
Improve hygiene
Water-based
Schistomiasis
Guinea worm
Reduce need for contact with infected water
Control snail populations
Reduce contamination of surface waters
Water-related
insect vector
Filariasis
Malaria
River blindness
Yellow fever
Improve surface water management
Reduce need to visit breeding sites
Use mosquito netting (for malaria)
Personal protection repellent
Cairncross & Feacham (1999, 2nd edn) Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics
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Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less
developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Fewtrell et al
(2005)
Hand washing
Sanitation
Water Quality
Household
Water Quality Source
Water Supply (quality
& quantity)
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10
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% reduction in diarrhoea
Data leads to some controversy, partly due to the difficulty of splitting impacts of interventions. For example:
• Hand-washing is not possible without a water supply, so ‘hand-washing’ is in fact ‘water supply and hand-washing’
• Water quality at household will have involved some hygiene promotion when setting up the household water
treatment processes
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(Data compiled in Fewtral et al, Lancet Infect Dis 2005: 5: 42-52)
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Esrey, all studies
Esrey, rigourous studies
Curtis & Cairncross
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Few trell et al meta-analysis
M
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tip
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% reduction in diarrhoeal disease
% Reduction in diarrhoeal disease
Data analysis is contentious
Difficult to split components
Agreement on the importance of
hygiene, sanitation & handwashing
Specific WASH interventions
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Public Health Promotion Model
Ensuring access
to essential items
e.g. soap, ORS, buckets
Providing adequate
quantity of water
Providing water
of adequate quality
E.g. piped water
hand pumps
water filters
chlorine tablets
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Improve Health
Prevent Epidemics
Public Health
Promotion /
Water & Sanitation
Ensuring adequate
maintenance of
facilities
Ownership &
responsibility
Advocacy
Participation, gender
& representation
Appropriate
sanitation
Acceptable
design
Technical capacity
Privacy &
access to spare parts
safety
financing
Providing learning
opportunities
Participatory
education
Action for
change
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WASH Linkages
Health
Nutrition
Logistics
Shelter
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Protection
Early recovery
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WASH Linkages
Water is life - without water, we dehydrate & die
Health
Hygiene is difficult without water, increasing diarrhoeal
diseases
PLWHA may have increased WASH needs
Nutrition
Logistics
Shelter
Protection
Early recovery
Children who are malnourished are more susceptible to dying
from diarrhoea
People with diarrhoea cannot absorb the food they eat and
hence this contributes to malnourishment
Efficient logistics are essential for effective WASH
programmes in emergencies – value your logistician!
The siting of shelter and WASH facilities need to be
coordinated effectively to enable equitable use and access
Poorly sited WASH facilities, can lead to increased
vulnerability and attacks on women or children including rape
and can inhibit use
Women and children who have to walk long distances for
water can be vulnerable to attack
Good WASH services at community level aids early recovery
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The Importance of Context
Zaire
S House / WEDC
What is appropriate in
one context may not
be appropriate in the
next
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Fast onset - slow onset
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Conflict – war, civil war
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Natural disasters – flooding, landslides, drought
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Complex
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Different geographical areas and hydrogeological conditions – mountains, tropical, arid,
low-lying, island etc
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Different cultures and social groups
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Urban - rural
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Refugees or IDPs – concentrated camps or
dispersed over large areas
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Post conflict
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Structural deterioration or political crisis
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Local authorities, community leaders, affected populations,
vulnerable people
Cross-sectoral, Cross-Cluster, Cross-WASH
Communication
Communication
Coordination
Communication
effective responses, best use of resources
magnified benefits for,
and increased accountability to the affected populations
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