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Infectious Diseases: General
Infections
Presented by: APS Healthcare
Southwestern PA Health Care Quality Unit
(HCQU)
December 2010 ak
Disclaimer
Information or education provided by the HCQU is not
intended to replace medical advice from the consumer’s
personal care physician, existing facility policy or federal,
state and local regulations/codes within the agency
jurisdiction. The information provided is not all inclusive of
the topic presented.
Certificates for training hours will only be awarded to those who attend a
training in its entirety. Attendees are responsible for submitting
paperwork to their respective agencies.
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Note of Clarification
While mental retardation (MR) is still recognized as a clinical
diagnosis, in an effort to support the work of self-advocates,
the APS SW PA HCQU will be using the terms intellectual
and/or developmental disability (ID/DD) to replace mental
retardation (MR) when feasible.
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Objectives
 Identify signs and symptoms of common bacterial,
viral, fungal and parasitic infections.
 List the various cycles in the infection process
 Describe when medical treatment should be sought
 Discuss preventative measures that reduce the risk
of infection.
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Definition of Infection
The invasion of the human body by a pathogen, such as a
bacterium, fungus, virus or parasite, resulting in an
infectious process.
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Infectious Process: Chain of Infection
Infectious
Agent
Susceptible
Host
Portal
of
Entry
Reservoir
Mode
of
Transmit
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Portal
of
Exit
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Contributing Factors: Individuals Most at Risk
• Individuals most at risk
• Age
• General health
• Risks of exposure
Individuals most at Risk
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Four Main Types of Infections
1. Bacterial
2. Viral
3. Fungal
4. Parasitic
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Infections: Medical Therapies and Home Remedies
 Medical Therapies
 Home Remedies
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Bacterial Infection: Definition
Invasion of bacteria into the body or bodily tissues
resulting in an infectious process.
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Bacterial Infections: Common Infections
• Streptococcal Sore Throat
• Bacterial “Sinusitis”
• Otitis Media
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis
• Urinary Tract Infection
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Streptococcal Sore Throat / Strep Throat: Definition
Acute bacterial inflammation: sore throat caused by
the bacterium Streptococcus
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Strep Throat: Signs and Symptoms
 Throat pain
 Difficulty swallowing
 Inflamed tonsils – red with signs of pus
 Swollen tender lymph glands (nodes)
 Fever
 Headache
 Fatigue
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Strep Throat: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Throat culture
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Strep Throat: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
– Antibiotics
– Pain/fever reducers
 Home Remedies:
–
–
–
–
–
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Rest
Increase fluids
Bland/soft diet
Humidification of air
Avoidance of irritants
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Strep Throat: Prevention
 Hand washing
 Covering of mouth
 Replacement of toothbrushes
 Avoid sharing personal Items
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Definition
An infection and inflammation of the sinus cavities by a
disease causing bacterial agent.
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Signs and Symptoms
 Drainage of a thick yellow or greenish discharge (nose
or throat)
 Nasal congestion
 Pain/tenderness around eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead
 Aching in upper jaw or teeth
 Reduced sense of smell or taste
 Cough
 Fatigue
 Fever
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Nasal & Sinus cultures
 Imaging studies
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
–
–
–
–
Antibiotics
Nasal Corticosteroids
Decongestants
Pain/fever reducers
 Home Remedies
– Rest
– Increase of fluids
– Warm compresses to face
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Bacterial “Sinusitis”: Prevention
 Proper Hand washing
 Avoid upper respiratory infections
 Avoid smoking or other air pollutants
 Humidification of air
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Otitis Media: Definition
An infection and inflammation of the middle ear caused by
a bacterial agent.
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Otitis Media: Signs and Symptoms
 Ear pain
 Drainage of fluid from ears
 Diminished hearing
 Sore throat
 Fever
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Otitis Media: Diagnosis
 Physical Exam – Pneumatic Otoscope
 Tympanocentesis
 Hearing evaluation
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Otitis Media: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
– Antibiotics
– Medicated ear drops
– Fever/pain reducers
 Home Remedies
– Warm compresses to ear
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Otitis Media: Prevention
 Proper hand washing techniques
 Avoidance of upper respiratory infections
 Avoid smoking or air pollutants
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Definition
An inflammation and infection of the conjunctiva of the eye
due to a bacterial agent.
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Signs and Symptoms
 Redness in one or both eyes
 Itchiness in one or both eyes
 A gritty feeling in one or both eyes
 Yellow discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust
during the night
 Tearing
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Eye culture
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Treatment
 Medical Treatment
– Antibiotic eye drops/ointments
 Home Remedies
– Warm compresses to eye
– Avoiding contact lens wear
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye”: Prevention
 Hand washing
 Avoid touching eyes
 Use a clean washcloth and towel daily
 Do not share personal eye items
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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Definition
An infection or inflammation of the urinary tract system
caused by a bacterial agent.
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Urinary Tract Infection: Signs and Symptoms
 Urinary urgency
 Burning sensation upon urination
 Passing frequent small amount of urine
 Cloudy urine
 Foul-smelling urine
 Pelvic Pain
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Urinary Tract Infection: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Urinalysis
 Urine culture
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Urinary Tract Infection: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
– Antibiotic therapy
– Urinary pain relievers (Pyridium, Uristat)
– Fever / pain reducers
 Home Remedies
– Rest
– Increase fluids
– Heat application for pain
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Urinary Tract Infection: Prevention
 Genital cleansing technique
 Cotton underwear
 Avoid irritants
 Frequent changing of incontinent aids
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Viral Infections: Definition
Invasion of a virus into the body or bodily tissues resulting
in an infectious process.
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Viral Infections: Common Viruses
 Rhinovirus “Common Cold”
 Influenza
 Viral Gastroenteritis
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Definition
A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract
(nose and throat).
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Signs and Symptoms
 Runny or stuffy nose
 Itchy or sore throat
 Cough
 Congestion
 Slight body aches
 Sneezing
 Watery eyes
 Low – grade fever
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Treatment
 Medical Therapies – Antibiotics Not Effective!!!
–
–
–
–
Decongestant nasal spray
Cough reducers
Saline nasal drops
Fever/pain reducers
 Home Therapies
–
–
–
–
Rest
Increase fluids
Chicken soup
Humidification of air
NO CURE!!!!
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Rhinovirus “Common Cold”: Prevention
 Hand washing
 Disinfection of everyday items
 Proper disposal of tissues
 Cover mouth when coughing
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Influenza (Flu): Definition
An acute contagious viral infection characterized by
inflammation of the respiratory tract.
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Influenza: Signs and Symptoms
 Fever over 100 degrees
 Chills and sweats
 Headache
 Dry cough
 Aching muscles
 Fatigue and weakness
 Nasal congestion
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Influenza: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Nasal cultures
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Influenza: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
–
–
–
–
Fever/pain reducers
Decongestants
Cough medicine
Antiviral medications
 Home Remedies
– REST
– Increase of fluids
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Influenza: Prevention
 Influenza vaccination
 Hand washing
 Proper sneezing and coughing techniques
 Avoidance of crowds
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Definition
An inflammation and infection of the stomach and
intestines, caused by a viral agent.
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Signs and Symptoms
 Watery, loose stools
 Abdominal cramps and pain
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Occasional muscle aches
 Low- grade fever
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Stool culture
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
– No medical therapies unless complications
 Home Remedies
–
–
–
–
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Rest
Increase fluids slowly (clear fluids only)
BRAT Diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)
Avoid food and drink irritants
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Viral Gastro-enteritis: Prevention
 Hand washing
 Proper disposable of incontinent briefs
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Fungal Infection: Definition
An Inflammation and infection of the body or bodily
tissues caused by a fungal agent.
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Fungal Infection: Common Infections
 Candida “Yeast”
– Oral “Thrush”
– Vaginal
 Tinea “Ringworm”
–
–
–
–
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Tinea Corporis (Body)
Tinea Pedis (Foot)
Tinea Cruris (Perineal Area)
Tinea Capitis(Scalp)
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Signs and Symptoms

Oral Yeast – “Thrush”
–
–
–
–
–
Creamy white lesion in oral cavity
Cottage cheese consistency
Pain
Bleeding of sores
Loss of taste
 Vaginal Yeast
–
–
–
–
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Itching/Irritation of tissues of vagina
Redness/swelling of vaginal tissues
Burning sensation on urination
Thick white/cottage cheese discharge
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Diagnosis
 Physical exams
 Cultures (oral, vaginal)
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Treatment
Medical Therapies
– Oral Yeast
• Anti-fungal medication
• Anti-inflammatory/pain reducers
– Vaginal Yeast
• Anti-fungal medication
• Anti-inflammatory/pain reducers
Home Remedies
– Follow good oral care
– Keep vaginal area clean and dry
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Fungal - Candida Yeast Infections: Prevention
 Oral Yeast
– Good oral hygiene
– Rinsing of mouth after inhaler use
– Salt water rinses
 Vaginal Yeast
–
–
–
–
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Avoid use of bubble baths
Avoid use of scented feminine hygiene products
Use of cotton underwear
Frequent changing of incontinent briefs/pads
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Definition
 Ringworm is a fungal infection called “Tinea” that
affects the top outer layer of the skin.
 Types
– Tinea Corporis (Body)
– Tinea Pedis (Foot)
– Tinea Cruris (Perineal Area)
– Tinea Capitis(Scalp)
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Fungal Infection – Ring worm (Tinea): Signs and Symptoms
 Red and inflamed circular rash
 Raised expanding rings of red & scaly skin
 Round flat patch of itchy skin
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Skin culture
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Treatment
 Anti-fungal Medications (topical / oral)
– Non-prescription
– Prescription
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Fungal Infection – Ringworm (Tinea): Prevention
 Frequent hand washing
 Diligent drying of skin after bathing
 Wear appropriate clothing – Avoid excessive sweating
 Avoid infected animals
 No sharing of personal items
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Parasitic Infections: Definition
A growth of a parasitic organism within
or on the human body.
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Types
 Lice
– Head
– Body
– Pubic
 Scabies
© 2009 APS Healthcare, Inc.
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Signs and Symptoms
 Lice
–
–
–
–
–
Intense itching
Tickling feeling from movement of hair
Lice eggs on scalp, body, clothing or pubic region
Lice eggs (nits) on hair shaft
Small, red bumps on the scalp, neck and shoulders
 Scabies
– Itching, often severe, worse at night
– Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps
on your skin
– Burrows on folds of skin
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Diagnosis
 Physical exam
 Skin Scraping
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Treatment
 Medical Therapies
– Lice
• Over the Counter Medications
• Prescription Medications
– Scabies
• Prescription Medication
 Home Remedies
– Keep body and hair clean at all times
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Parasitic Skin Infections/Infestations: Prevention
Lice






Wash contaminated items
Seal unwashable items
Vacuum
Cover Furniture
Do not share personal belongings
Wash combs and brushes
Scabies



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Clean all bedding and linens
Seal unwashable items
Do not share personal clothing items
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Tips for Caregivers
 Keep all areas of the environment clean
 Assist individuals with good oral and personal hygiene
daily
 Watch for signs and symptoms
 Seek immediate medical treatment
 Administer all medications as directed
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References
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Center of Disease Control. Influenza Topics: Seasonal Flu.
Retrieved. 11/03/2010. From http://www.cdc.gov/flu/
Maryland Office of Infectious Disease and Occupational Health
Division. Fact Sheets. Strep Throat. Retrieved 10/28/2010 from
http://www.edcp.org/factsheets/strepthr.cfm
National Institute of Health. Medline Plus Division. Diseases.
Bacterial Infections. Retrieved 10/28/2010. From
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html
Common Cold. Testing Cold Treatments. Retrieved 10/30/2010.
From http://www.commoncold.org/special.htm
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Strep Throat.
Retrieved 10/25/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Strep-throat
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References
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Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Acute Sinusitis.
Retrieved 10/27/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Acute-Sinusitis
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Pink eye:
Conjunctivitis.
Retrieved 11/02/2010. From http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Pink
Eye
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Urinary Tract
Infections.
Retrieved 10/28/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Urinary-tract-infections
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Ringworm.
Retrieved 11/06/2010. From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/Ringworm
Mayo Clinic Staff. Diseases and Conditions. Lice.
Retrieved 11/09/2010. From http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/lice
Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Scabies. Retrieved 11/09/2010
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies
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