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Epidemiology BIO220 – Introductory Microbiology Copyright 2009, John Ireland Key Concepts • • • • A Brief History Branches of Epidemiology Emerging Infectious Disease The Story of HIV Copyright 2009, John Ireland Copyright 2009, John Ireland John Snow With regard to the deaths occurring in the locality belonging to the pump, there were 61 instances in which I was informed that the deceased persons used to drink the pump water from Broad Street, either constantly or occasionally... John Snow, letter to the editor of the Medical Times and Gazette Copyright 2009, John Ireland The Ghost Map Copyright 2009, John Ireland John Snow I had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St James's parish, on the evening of the 7th inst [Sept 7], and represented the above circumstances to them. In consequence of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the following day. John Snow, letter to the editor of the Medical Times and Gazette Copyright 2009, John Ireland Copyright 2009, John Ireland Florence Nightingale It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm. Florence Nightingale Copyright 2009, John Ireland Copyright 2009, John Ireland Branches of Epidemiology Descriptive Analytical Copyright 2009, John Ireland Experimental Emerging Infectious Diseases Microbial Evolution Human Conflict Human Susceptibility EID Economic Development Climate Change Copyright 2009, John Ireland EID in the United States MDR Tuberculosis West Nile Virus Cryptosporidium Hantavirus HIV/AIDS Copyright 2009, John Ireland EID Worldwide Prion Disease Lyme Disease SARS H5N1 Nipah HIV Ebola Lyssa Virus Copyright 2009, John Ireland Selected Reported Diseases • • • • • • • VISA/VRSA (Staphylococcus aureus) Orthopox Viruses (Smallpox, Monkeypox) Coxiella burnetii Clostridium tetani Shigella species Cryptococcus neoformans Influenza (normal or avian) Michigan Department of Community Health, 2009 Copyright 2009, John Ireland Case Study – HIV/AIDS "When it began turning up in children and transfusion recipients, that was a turning point in terms of public perception. Up until then it was entirely a gay epidemic, and it was easy for the average person to say 'So what?' Now everyone could relate.“ Harold Jaffe – CDC 1982 Copyright 2009, John Ireland First Signs "A doctor was treating a gay man in his 20s who had pneumonia. Two weeks later, he called to ask for a refill of a rare drug that I handled. This was unusual - nobody ever asked for a refill. Patients usually were cured in one 10-day treatment or they died" - Sandra Ford Copyright 2009, John Ireland Isolation "I believe we have the cause of AIDS.“ Dr. Mason (CDC) 4/22/84 Discussing the work of Dr. Montagnier in 1983 who would later receive the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine Copyright 2009, John Ireland Origin and Genetics Greater than 70% of some African countries consume bushmeat on a regular basis. 23rd Regional Conference for Africa, 2004 Copyright 2009, John Ireland Outlook in the Beginning "We hope to have a vaccine [against AIDS] ready for testing in about two years.“ “…yet another terrible disease is about to yield to patience, persistence and outright genius“ HHS Secretary Margret Heckler Announcement on AIDS 4/23/84 Copyright 2009, John Ireland Outlook Now Copyright 2009, John Ireland
