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Medical Terminology
FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
20
Radiology and
Nuclear Medicine
Learning Outcomes
• Define radiology.
• Explain the dangers and safety
precautions associated with x-rays.
• Identify the positions used in
radiography.
• Discuss diagnostic imaging as used by
the radiologist and several computedassisted x-ray machines that are
described in this chapter.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Learning Outcomes
• Describe nuclear medicine and some of
the general uses of this specialty.
• Define interventional radiology and
state some interventional procedures
described in this chapter.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Types and Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
X-Rays
CT Scan
Sonogram- Ultra Sound
MRI
Nuclear Medicine
– PET
– Bone
• Interventional Radiology
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• The scientific discipline of medical imaging
• Career Pathways in Rad Tech
http://www.asrt.org/home
• http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Radiol
ogic-technologists.htm
• This medical specialty was developed after
the discovery of an unknown ray in 1895
by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, who called
his discovery x-ray.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Radiology
An invisible form of
radiant energy with
short wavelengths
traveling at 186,000
miles per second.
•Able to penetrate
different substances
to varying degrees.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Characteristics of X-Rays
– Able to penetrate substances of different
densities.
 X-rays pass through air in the lungs, fluids such
as blood and lymph, and fat around muscles.
– Such substances are radiolucent.
 X-rays are absorbed by substances such as
calcium in bones, lead, or barium.
– Such substances are radiopaque.
– Can be used as a diagnostic tool by introducing
a contrast medium into the body.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Characteristics of X-Rays
– Cause ionization, a process resulting in the
gain or loss of one or more electrons in
neutral atoms.
 The gain of an electron creates a negative
electrical charge; the loss of an electron
results in a positively charged particle.
 These charged particles are called ions.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Characteristics of X-Rays
– Allow the x-ray beam to be directed at a
specific site during radiotherapy or to
produce high-quality shadow images on
film (radiographs).
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Characteristics of X-Rays
– X-rays can destroy body cells.
– Radiation can be used to destroy malignant
tumors.
– Care must be exercised because x-rays can
destroy healthy as well as abnormal tissue.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Fluoroscopy is a study of
moving body structures--similar
to an X-ray "movie." A
continuous X-ray beam is
passed through the body part
being examined. The beam is
transmitted to a TV-like monitor
so that the body part and its
motion can be seen in detail.
Figure 20.1
The patient is positioned for a fluoroscopy.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Characteristics of XRays
• Radiography
• Fluoroscope: a device
that projects x-ray
images in a movielike
sequence onto a screen
monitor.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.6
X-ray technician in a lead apron positions a procedure. This apron is a
protective shield of lead and rubber worn by a patient or those taking x-rays to
protect the genitals and other vital organs from excessive exposure to x-rays.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Dangers and Safety Precautions
– Precautions need to be taken to avoid
unnecessary exposure.
 Prolonged exposure
– Can cause damage to gonads (testes or ovaries)
and/or depress the hematopoietic system
– Personnel involved with radiation therapy should
limit their exposure by staying farther away from
the source of radiation.
– Infographic on radiology levels
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Dangers and Safety Precautions
– Secondary radiation
 X-rays can scatter or be diverted from their
normal straight paths when they strike
radiopaque objects, adding unwanted
density to the image.
 Grid: a device positioned between the x-ray
machine and the patient to absorb scatter
before it reaches the x-ray film
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Dangers and Safety Precautions
– Safety precautions
 Not all scatter or secondary radiation is
absorbed by a grid.
 Safety precautions for those working in
areas adjacent to x-ray equipment include:
– Film badge
– Lead barrier
– Lead-lined room
– Protective clothing
– Gonad shield
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Dangers and Safety Precautions
– Safety precautions
 Film badge
– Device pinned to medical workers' clothing to
monitor an individual's exposure to beta and
gamma rays.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.2
Types of radiation badges to be worn by all staff around x-ray equipment.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Positions Used in Radiography
– Anteroposterior (AP) position
 Front part of body faces x-ray tube; back of
body faces the film.
 X-rays pass through the body from front to
back to reach the film.
– Posteroanterior (PA) position
 Back of body faces x-ray tube; front of body
faces the film.
 X-rays pass through the body from back to
front to reach the film.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Positions Used in Radiography
– Lateral position
 X-ray beam passes from one side of the
patient's body to the opposite side to reach
the film.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Positions Used in Radiography
– Supine position
 Patient rests on the back, face upward,
allowing the x-rays to pass through the body
from front to back.
– Prone position
 Patient lies face down with head turned to
one side; x-rays pass from back to front side
of body.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Positions Used in Radiography
– Oblique position
 Patient's body or body part is at an angle to
the x-ray beam.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Diagnostic Imaging
– Provides radiologist images of internal body
organs and processes by using:
 x-rays
 ultrasound
 radiopharmaceuticals
 radiopaque media (contrast media)
 computers
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Diagnostic Imaging
– These images are used to identify and
locate:
 tumors
 fractures
 hematomas
 disease processes
 other abnormalities within the body
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Diagnostic Imaging
– Computer-assisted x-ray machines
enhance images obtained by the
radiologist.
 Noninvasive procedures are now possible in
lieu of exploratory surgical procedures.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Mammography is the
study of the breast using
x ray.
Pictured
Normal mammogram obtained through the
process of mammography.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FYI
• Breast cancer screening has reduced
deaths from breast cancer in women
40–69 years of age.
• A mammogram can detect changes in
the breast, often before a lump can be
felt.
– Can also show calcifications, or mineral
deposits, cysts or fluid-filled masses,
leaking breast implants, and noncancerous
tumors or growths.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.8
Mammogram showing cancer with microcalcifications.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Computed Tomography
(CT)
– Sometimes referred to as a
CAT scan (computerized
axial tomography).
– Combines an advanced xray scanning system
with a powerful
minicomputer.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Computed Tomography (CT)
– CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissues,
including organs, muscles, and tumors.
– Aids diagnosis, surgery, and treatment,
including radiation therapy, in which
effective dosage depends highly on the
precise density, size, and location of a
tumor
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.3
Computed tomography system.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.4
3D CT scan, multiple facial fractures.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– A noninvasive imaging technique to view:
 organs
 bone
 other internal body structures
– The imaged body part is exposed to radio
waves while in a magnetic field.
– -SOUND OF MRI
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Radiology
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– The picture is produced by energy emitted
from hydrogen atoms in the body.
– Patient is not exposed to radiation during
this test.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– Can be used for a variety of purposes:
 Cranial MRI: evaluates a person's tumor,
seizure disorder, or headache symptoms
 MRI of the spine examines a disk problem.
 Is frequently used to study large joints such
as the shoulder or knee
 Is commonly used to evaluate disease of the
heart, chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.5
MRI of head showing large hemorrhagic lesion.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Differences between CT and MRI
• What are the differences between the
two?
• http://blog.image32.com/mri-vs-catscan/
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Radiology
• Ultrasound
– Means beyond sound
– Sound frequency beyond the range of human
hearing
– Widely used in diagnostic imaging to evaluate
a patient's internal organs
– Ultrasonography: process of using ultrasound
to produce a record of ultrasonic echoes as
they strike tissues of different densities
 The record is called a sonogram or echogram.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.13
Ultrasound, left kidney, and spleen.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Radiology
• Ultrasound
– Doppler echocardiography is a noninvasive
technique for determining:
 the blood flow velocity in different locations
in the heart.
 the uterine artery blood flow velocity during
pregnancy, as well as the fetal heart rate.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Nuclear Medicine
• Subspecialty within the field of
radiology that uses radioactive
substances to produce images of body
anatomy and function
• Patient is given radioactive
substance, either intravenously or
by mouth.
– Images are developed based on detection
of energy emitted from radioactive
substance.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Nuclear Medicine
• Positron Emission Tomography
– Most commonly used to detect:
 Cancer
 Heart problems
 Brain disorders
 Other central nervous system disorders
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Nuclear Medicine
• Positron Emission Tomography
– Commonly called a PET scan
– Helps physicians see how the organs and
tissues inside the body are functioning
– Detects and records the energy given off
by the tracer substance injected into
patient's arm vein
 This energy is converted by a computer into
three-dimensional pictures.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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PET Scans Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of PET scans.
Back to Directory
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 20.10
PET scan comparing the metabolic activity levels of a normal brain and the
brain of an Alzheimer's sufferer. Red and yellow colors indicate high activity
levels; blue colors represent low activity levels.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Bone Scans
• Bone scans
• A bone scan is a nuclear imaging test
that helps diagnose and track several
types of bone disease.
– Shows specific areas of irregular bone
metabolism
– Detects abnormal blood flow to a particular
bony region
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Figure 20.12
Nuclear medicine bone scan.
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Interventional Radiology
• Interventional Radiology
is a medical sub-specialty
of radiology utilizing
minimally-invasive imageguided procedures to
diagnose and treat
diseases in nearly every
organ system.
Source:
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/vascular/what_is_IR.html
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Table 20.1 Selected
Interventional Procedures
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Abbreviations
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
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Types and Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
X-Rays
CT Scan
Sonogram- Ultra Sound
MRI
Nuclear Medicine
– PET
– Bone
• Interventional Radiology
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e
Jane Rice
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved