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Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Eric Lee, John Harrison, Albert Kwansa, Jacqueline Wong, Miguel Benson Definition of BME • • Development and manufacture of prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices, drugs and other therapies Combines expertise of engineering with medical needs for the progress of health care BME Overview Biomechanics • • • Application of mechanical principles to the study of human body movements Muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments o Anatomy, microstructure Static and dynamic analyses of force profile o Stress, strain, coordination, power output Biomechanics Example: broken leg Anatomy http://academic.wsc.edu/faculty/jatodd1 /351/tibia_fibula.jpg Microstructure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg Biomechanics Fracture Schematics Behave like cement Good in compression Poor in tension Low tolerance for torsion Butterfly Cut Fragment X-ray Electromagnetic wave and perform radiation Radiation pass through patient and some are being absorbed Image are created on detector by radiation that pass through the subject X-ray Applications Cardiovascular system Skeletal system Soft tissue (e.g. lung) Ultrasonography A sound wave is produced. Sound wave is reflected and forming echo from layers between different tissues. Sound wave is changed to electrical pulses for image production. Ultrasonography Applications Muscle and soft tissue Obstetric sonography www.medical.philips.com http://zoot.radiology.wisc.edu/ MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Polarize (align spin) of H2 atoms in body Disrupt spins at one “slice” of body Measure energy given off as atoms realign Detects concentration of H2 atoms MRI Application Soft tissue imaging Use of contrast Combined with CT info CT (Computed Tomography) Scanner looks much like MRI scanner Takes many X-rays around body Properties much like X-ray Image from density of material Typically used for skeletal imaging CT Application Form 2-D and 3-D images from X-rays Can use contrasts as well to enhance image of soft tissue Biomaterials Any foreign material that comes into contact with a biological system Diverse area of Biomedical Engineering Cancer drug delivery Tissue engineering Cell implantation Micro-encapsulation Challenge: Re-establish testosterone level Solution: Insert testosterone producing cells Cell Viability Cell viability and function must be preserved long term. Micro-encapsulation provides a defense and preserves cell function. Hydrogel Cell Capsule material: Hydrogel Chemical composition: Polyethylene Glycol HO-(CH2-CH2-O)n-H Physical characteristics: Microcapsule Parameters Microcapsule Size Size exclusion via mesh size LH, FSH, O2, Nutrients Antibodies Testosterone, Wastes Biocompatibility Degradation Tissue Engineering (TE) TE involves the development of biological substitutes to restore or replace lost tissue function (Langer and Vacanti, 1993). TE Motivation Divergence between the supply and demand of organ & tissue replacements. Current methods low supply, immune rejection, and inability to repair and develop. Major goals of TE: Provide living biological replacements Tissue physiology & pathology Pharmaceutical testing TE Approach: Cell Source Cells + Scaffold Cells + Scaffold + Bioreactor Growth Factors + Scaffold TE Range Liver, Pancreas, Kidney Nerve Skin Muscle Bone, Cartilage, Tendon TE Examples Cardiac TE – heart valve, myocardium Metabolic TE – liver, bladder, pancreas http://www.chir.unizh.ch/cardio/cardiotext/tissueengineering.html (Hoerstrup et al. Circulation 2002) Musculoskeletal TE – bone, cartilage Neural TE – nerve guidance channel for PNS Proximal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Woven_bone_matrix.jpg Distal Common Post-graduate Paths Bachelor’s Degree Graduate School Master’s Degree Doctorate Industry Academia Professional Schools •Medical School •Dental School •Law School •Business School Combined Programs Medical & Graduate School (M.D./Ph.D.) Questions