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SI Session Blood and Circulation Spring 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class Picture from http://www.staff.fcps.net/jholley/photogallery/photo_gallery.htm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected] The heart and circulation What are three major functions of blood? What are some substances transported by blood? How does blood help maintain pH? Body temperature? What are white blood cells and what do they do? What is plasma? Function of plasma proteins? How is plasma volume regulated? What is the principal role of red blood cells? What do platelets do? What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways? What triggers each? (Don’t try to memorize the pathways.) What are the five types of white blood cells? What is hematopoiesis and where in the body does it take place? What kinds of events affect the acid-base balance of the blood? What can correct alkalosis or acidosis? What are the four chambers of the heart? Which receive blood, and from where? Which pump out blood, and to where? Where are the AV and semilinar valves? What can an ECG tell you about heart function? (significance of P, QRS and T waves) What are factors that can cause the heart rate to increase or decrease? Describe some factors that increase or decrease blood pressure. Arteries and veins: Which carries blood away from the heart, and which toward the heart? Which carries oxygenated blood, and which deoxygenated (and what is the exception)? What are the structural differences between arteries and veins? What is the role of the lymphatic system in: Maintaining body fluid levels? Defense of the body against infection? Functions of Circulatory System Transportation Temperature regulation Immune function ______________ Cardiovascular system- heart and blood vessels Lymphatic __________ system- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Functions of Blood •Transports Dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide); Waste products of metabolism (e.g. water, urea); Hormones, Enzymes Nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids, Vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, glycerol) Plasma proteins (blood clotting factors, antibodies, albumins) Blood cells and other elements (RBC, WBC, pletelets) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Functions of Blood •Maintains body temperature •Controls pH slightly basic pH 7.4 6.8 to 7.4, otherwise it begins to damage cells. •Removes toxins from the body Send to the kidney kidneys filter all of the blood in the body •Regulation of Body Fluid Electrolytes Fluid ~ by osmosis, Electrolytes ~ eg. Excess salt is removed from the body in urine •Immune function Lymphocytes, antibodies.. etc Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 A: Blood plasma B: Buffy coat(WBCs, platelets) C: RBCs(Erythrocytes) D: Platelets(Thrombocyte ) E: WBCs(Leukocytes) F: RBCs(Erythrocytes) __________ Erythrocytes Transportation- oxygen and carbon dioxide __________ Thrombocyte are required for clotting against blood loss Erythrocytes,Thrombocyte __________ Lack nuclei and mitochondria Leukocytes __________ Have a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability Leukocytes __________ Granular or agranular; function in immunity. __________ Erythrocytes is present in the blood in greatest numbers Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 What proteins are found in plasma? Albumins, Globulins, & Fibrinogen Fibrinogen ________ Serves as clotting factor. ________ Globulins Carry transport; some are antibodies produced by lympocytes. Albumins Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H2O from _________ interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Leukocytes(WBCs) -(Don’t have/Have) a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability. Granular Agranular - help detoxify foreign substances and release heparin. eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils -Monocytes ~Phagocytic -B-lympocytes - antibodies. lymphocytes and monocytes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells from stem cells in ___________ bone marrow and _____________. lymphoid tissue Erythropoiesis -Stimulated by erythropoietin ______________ (EPO) from kidney. -Old RBCs phagocytized. -____ Iron recycled Leukopoiesis -Stimulated by __________. cytokines = autocrine regulators secreted by immune system Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Blood Clotting What is the first step in after a blood vessel is injured? Vasoconstriction What is the role of platelets(thrombocyte) in the blood clotting? -Form a plug by sticking to each other -release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction -provide phospholipids in their cell membranes to activate cotting factors. What is the last step in clot formation? Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a mesh Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Platelets(thrombocytes) in blood clotting….. -Form a plug by sticking to each other -Release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction -Provide phospholipids needed for the intrinsic pathway Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Platelets Plasmin Hemostasis Fibrinogen Phospholipids Thrombin Ca2+ Serotonin Hemostasis _________ refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted. _________ Ca2+, is required as a cofactor in clotting sequences _________ Fibrinogen is a soluble protein and converted into insoluble threads of fibrin. Plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving clot. _________ Serotonin, _________ is involved vasoconstriction. Platelets Ca2+, _________ Phospholipids convert prothrombin to thrombin in common pathway. _________ converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to Thrombin form a meshwork. _________ Platelets release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction. Fibrinogen(I) _________ is(are) clotting factor(s). Ca2+(IV) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Both Vitamin K and Ca2+ are needed for proper function of clotting factors. Is Ca2+ one of clotting factors? Yes! It is factor IV! Is Vit K one of clotting factors? No! It is involved for formation of some clotting factors in the liver. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Vitamin K -needed for formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors in liver. -needed for proper function of _____________. clotting factors Coumarin blocks clotting by inhibiting activation of Vit K. -__________ -Low Vit K in the blood. (Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting. Ca2+ clotting factors -needed for proper function of ____________. -Low Ca2+ in the blood. (Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting. -_______ Citrate combines with Ca2+ and inhibits the activity of clotting factors. In detail, glutamate—(Vit K)Gamma-carboxyglutamate glutamate at binding Ca2+ Activate cotting factors Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Blood type A+ Rh+antigen -On the surface of RBCs:A-antigen, ______________ -In the plasma: __________________ Antibody against B (Anti-B) Blood type AB+ A-antigen, B-antigen,& Rh+antigen -On the surface of RBCs: _________________________ -In the plasma: __________________ None against ABO Blood type O+ -On the surface of RBCs: _____________ Rh+antigen -In the plasma: __________________ Antibodies against A & B(Anti-B, Anti-B) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Universal recipient AB+ -Which antibody against ABO does have? None of them -Agglutination (occurs/does not occur). -Able to receive blood from any other group in the ABO system. Universal donor O-Which antibody against ABO does have? Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh if exposed to Rh+ -Agglutination (occurs/does not occur). -Can receive from ____ O-Can give to everybody. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Recipient Donor O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+ O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+ Table note Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 agglutination! Blood Type A+ Donor Blood Type O+ Recipient Recipient Donor What about antibodies in donor blood??? The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered, because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused. -Consider (blood elements/plasma) of donor in blood transfusion. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Transfusion error Aggutination Blockage of small vessels, hemolysis Damage the kidneys and other organs Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Rh – people don’t make anti-Rh antibodies until __________________________________ after their first exposure to Rh antigen. 1st pregnancy with Rh+ baby In later pregnancies mom may produce Rh antibodies. ______________ 2nd pregnancy with Rh+ baby Antibodies cross placenta hemolysis of fetal RBCs. causing __________________ RhoGAM Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Blood vessels Artery (from the heart to the body) Vein (from the body to the heart) Capillary Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Blood vessels ______ : the hollow space inside Lumen Three layers: ___________________________________ Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa A: Artery B: Vein C:Tunica interna F D:Tunica media C D E D C E: Tunica externa F: Valve G:Venules D H:Arterioles I: Carpillaries G A H B I Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Blood vessels ______ : the hollow space inside Lumen Three layers: Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa ___________________________________ Tunica interna ___________ -The innermost tissue -simple squamous epithelial tissue -smooth surface for blood flow ___________ Tunica media -The middle tissue -smooth muscle -controls blood flow by changing the lumen size ___________ Tunica externa -the outermost tissue -dense connective tissue -protects and strengthens the blood vessel Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Arteries vs. Vein Vein Lumen size larger Tunica media thicker thinner In systemic loop… carry O2-rich carry O2-poor Blood to organs blood from organs In pulmonic loop… carry O2-poor carry O2-rich Blood to lungs blood from lungs Small ones called… arterioles venules Other features higher blood pressure one-way valves Arteries smaller Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Capillaries :The smallest blood vessels -the thinness wall :only the tunica (interna, media, externa) So, diffuse easily. -only found in ______. organs -blood arterioles venules -exchange Gases or substances O2 & nutrients to the tissue fluid cells CO2 & waste to the tissue fluid blood Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Maintain proper ECF levels -Normally filtration -Osmotic reuptake -Lymphatic drainage Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Edema -High blood pressure or Venous obstruction -Increased tissue protein concentration -Decreased plasma protein concentration resulting from liver disease. -Obstruction of lymphatic vessels -Leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial fluid Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Myxedema -Hypothyroidism -Excess production of glycoproteins in extracellular matrix. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Chemoreceptors -Monitor blood PCO2, PO2, and pH (H+). H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH. Increased CO2 H+ increases (decreased pH) Decreased CO2 H+ decreass (Increased pH) Blood Brain barrier(BBB) -H+ cannot cross the BBB but, monitor blood CO2 -Since PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Hyperventilation (Overbreathing) -the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary -More O2 in; More CO2 out High O2, Low CO2 in the body Hypoventilation (Respiratory depression) -Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter. -Less O2 in; Less CO2 out Low O2, High CO2 in the body Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Hypoventilation -Increased PCO2 (increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla. (increase/decrease) ventilation. Hyperventilation -Decreased PCO2 Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla. (increase/decrease) ventilation. Low blood pH -stimulates chemoreceptor in aortic ____________________. and carotid bodies -(increase/decrease) ventilation. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 What is hemoglobin and what role does it play in gas transport? Hemoglobin (Hb) -_______ 4 globin polypeptide chains _____________that bind O2 4 heme groups Loading of Hb with O2 occurs in ______; lungs tissues unloading in ______. Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __ 1 O2 4 2s Therefore, each Hb can carry __O O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____ Hb levels Hb production is controlled by ________________ erythropoietin (EPO) The EPO Production stimulated by ________ low PO2 in kidneys Carboxyhemoglobin -Contains heme combined with carbon monoxide(CO) -The heme can't bind O2. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 What are PCO2, PO2 anyway? Pgas : partial pressure of that gas PCO2 : partial pressure of CO2 PO2 : partial pressure of O2 When we say …. “High PO2” – indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma. “Low PO2” – indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma. PO2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb. Most O2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs). PO2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of “whole” blood. O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells increasing PO2. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Anemia -Lower Hb levels than normal. Polycythemia -Hb levels above normal Androgens promote RBC production Hb levels in men are higher. Hb-O2 affinity -Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) Higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb. -Change by pH ↓pH ↓ Affinity More unloading ↑pH ↑ Affinity Less unloading -Change by Temperature. ↓Temp. ↓ Affinity More unloading ↑Temp. ↑ Affinity Less unloading Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Sickle-cell Anemia -HbS :Single amino acid change causes crystallization at low PO2 (e.s. Low PO2 at High altitude) Makes RBCs less flexible and more fragile -8-11% of African Americans -Mostly genetic So, a person with sickle-cell anemia is suggest NOT to take a air plane or NOT to climb a mountain. People with sickle cell trait are less likely to get malaria. (provides malaria resistance.) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Myoglobin -O2 storage found in muslces. -has only 1 globin, so can bind only 1O2. -Higher affinity for O2 than Hb. -Releases O2 only at low PO2. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 A: B: C: D: E: F: G:Aortic valve Aorta Pulmonary valve H: Mitral valve I: L.ventricle R.atrium Tricuspid valve J: Ventricular septum Pulmonary artery K R.ventricle L.atrium The function of valve - Prevent backflow of blood Atrioventricular(AV) valves -Between _______ ________ atrium & ventricle -(R) tricuspid valve (L) mitral valve Semilunar valves - Pulmonary valve, Aortic valve -Open when ventricular _________ contraction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 P wave depolarization or atria - caused by _________________. Atrial contraction - _____ QRS complex - caused by _____________________ ventricular depolarization Ventricular contraction - ___________ Called __________ P-R interval T wave - results from ___________________. ventricular repolarization relaxation - ventricular __________ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 •HeartArteriesArteriolesCapillaries • VenulesVeinsHeart Heart Heart Vein Artery Venule Capillary From Dr. Hughey’s Bio42 class slide Arteriole Heart structure __atria 2 & __ventricles 2 A: R. Atrium F: Inferior vena cava B: R. Ventricle C: L. Atrium G: Pulmonary artery D: L. Ventricle E: Superior H: Pulmonary vena cava vein I: Aorta J: Lung -Oxygeneted Blood -Low O2 in Blood ________ Arteries Blood flow from the heart. ________ Vein Blood flow to the heart. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 The heart pumps blood through two blood vessel loops. _____________ Pulmonary loop Blood heart lungs Picks up O2 and releases CO2 in to the air _________________ Systemic loop -Blood heart to all organs(except the lungs) -delivers O2 and nutrients to cells -picks up CO2 ________ Arteries Blood flow from the heart. ________ Vein Blood flow to the heart. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 -Oxygeneted Blood -Low O2 in Blood _________________ Pulmonary circulation -Lungs Heart -R.vetricle through lungs and back to L.atrium Systemic circulation -Heart body ________________ -L.vetricle to body and back to R.atrium Blood Flow Aorta Tissue Superior/Inferior vena cava L.ventricle R.atrium L.atrium R.ventricle Pulmonary vein Lungs Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008 Pulmonary artery ________ Arteries Blood flow from the heart. ________ Vein Blood flow to the heart. The first arteries (From the heart) -________________ Pulmonary arteries in the pulmonary loop -________________ in the systemic loop Aorta The last vein (to the heart) -________________ in the pulmonary loop Pulmonary vein -________________ Superior vena cava in the systemic loop & Inferior vena cava -Oxygeneted Blood -Low O2 in Blood Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Lymphatic system •Transport - Fluid transport from tissues (Lymph) to the blood(venous blood stream). - Fat transport from intestines to the blood. •Immune response - provide immunological defenses against pathogens Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Lymph ________ :faintly yellowish fluid derived from body tissues that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system. Lymphatic capillaries -form vast networks in intercellular spaces. -Very porous; absorb proteins, Microorganisms, and fat. Lymph ____________ nodes -filter lymph before returning it to veins. -contain phagocytic cells that that remove pathogens. -make lymphocytes. * Lymphocytes also made in tonsils, spleen, thymus. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010