Download White Blood Cells

Circulatory System
Circulatory System
Components
I. Heart
II. Blood Vessels
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Veins, Capillaries, and
Arteries
Components of
Blood
Lymphatic System
Blood Type
Circulatory
Problems
(**Closed System**)
I. Heart
A. Circulation
•
Muscle contractions
cause blood to pump
•
Pulmonary
Circulation -Blood
pumped from right side
of heart to lungs
•
Systemic Circulation Blood pumped to the
rest of the body
Capillaries of
head and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries
of right lung
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left
lung
Capillaries of
abdominal
organs and legs
I. Heart
B. Structure
•
•
•
•
Composed mainly of muscle
Pericardium - Protective
layer surrounding the heart
Myocardium – muscle found
in the heart walls, responsible
for pumping blood
Septum – Divides heart into
2 halves,
•
Restricts mixing of blood
•
Each side has two chambers
•
Atrium (Upper Chamber)
– Receives blood
•
Ventricle (Lower
Chamber) – pumps blood
out of the heart
Contains Valves that keep
blood flowing in one direction
•
Pumps enough blood to fill an Olympic-sized
swimming pool a year
The Heart
Click To Enlarge
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from
the upper part of the body to the right atrium
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of
the lungs to the left atrium
Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle
to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the right ventricle after it has
entered the pulmonary artery
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the left ventricle after it has
entered the aorta
Right Atrium
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium after it has
entered the left ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium after it has
entered the right ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood
from the lower part of the body to the
right atrium
Left Ventricle
Septum
Right Ventricle
Question: What is the advantage of a 4-chambered heart?
I. Heart
Coronary Artery:
Supplies the heart muscle itself with
blood
C. Heartbeat

Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)
• Located in the right atrium
• Cardiac muscles contract in waves causing blood to leave the atria into
ventricle
• Stimulated by nerve impulse from the medulla

Atrioventricular Node
• Location – base of right atrium & beginning of right ventricle
• Transfers impulse from atria muscles and transfers them to ventricle
muscles
• Ventricles contract causing blood to leave heart
I. Heart



C. Heartbeat
Each heartbeat is called
a cardiac cycle: two
atria contract then two
ventricles contract
(systole), and the entire
heart relaxes (diastole)
A normal heart beats 70
times per minute.
• Makes a “lub-dub” sound
as the valves of the heart
are opening and closing.
I. Heart
1. Electrocardiogram
(ECG or EKG)
 A test that records the
electrical activity of the
heart.
 The P wave represents
contraction (systole) of
the atria.
 The QRS wave
contraction of the
ventricle
 The T wave
The relaxation of the
muscle (diastole)
Question: What are some problems
associated with the Sinoatrial Node?
How can it be fixed?
I. Heart
2. Pacemaker
 Abnormal heartbeats
can be controlled by
an artificial
pacemaker that is run
on batteries
II. Blood Vessels
II. Blood Vessels
C. Arteries
4. Blood Pressure
 Definition: Force that is exerted by the blood upon the walls of
the blood vessels.
 a. Regulated in 2 ways:
• Sensory –neurons attached to blood vessels detect blood pressure
 If too low – neurons (nerve cells) stimulate nervous system to
increase heart rate
 If too high – stimulate nervous system to decrease (slow down)
heart rate
• Kidneys
 When blood pressure is high – kidneys remove water from the blood
 When blood pressure is low – kidneys keep water volume high in
blood
III. Components of Blood
Blood is composed of:
• 55% plasma
• 45% blood cells



red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
III. Components of Blood
Plasma
Platelets
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Whole Blood
Sample
Sample Placed in
Centrifuge
Blood Sample that has
been Centrifuges
A. Plasma


Composes 55% of blood volume Centrifuged Blood
90% water and 10% dissolved gasses, wastes,
nutrients, salts and proteins (Plasma Proteins)
•
Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen
III. Components of Blood
B. Red Blood Cells
(Erythrocytes)
•
•
Transport oxygen
and carbon dioxide
• Uses
Hemoglobin –
iron containing
protein that
binds to oxygen
• Disc shaped to
increase surface
area
One milliliter
contains 5 million
III. Components of Blood
C. White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes)
•
•
•
Fight infection
5 Types:
neutrophils,
eosinophils,
basophils,
lymphocytes and
monocytes (located
in lymph vessels)
Located in
Circulatory and
Lymphatic Systems
White Blood Cells
Cell Type
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Function
Engulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substances
Attack parasites; limit inflammation associated with
allergic reactions
Release histamines that cause inflammation; release
anticoagulants, which prevent blood clots
Give rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large
bacteria and substances
Some destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes
to rupture; some develop into cells that produce
antibodies, which target specific foreign substances
III. Components of Blood
D. Platelets
(Thrombocytes)
• More numerous than WBC’s:
250,000 platelets in a small
drop of blood
• Much smaller than RBC’s
• Are fragments of cells
• Made in the bone marrow
• Live ~ 5 days
• Aid in forming blood clots
• Adhere to site of injury and
release chemicals to help blood
clot
IV. Lymphatic System
Superior
vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Lymph
vessels
A. Network of nodes, vessels
and organs
B. Primary function = return
fluid lost by the blood to the
Circulatory System
C. Contains fluid called Lymph
D. Restricts backward flow by
the use of valves
E. Nodes are used to trap
bacteria
F. Organs
•
Spleen
•
•
Harbors Phagocytes &
removes damaged blood
cells
Thymus
•
Location of matured T Cells
V. Blood Types
Blood Type
Antigens
on RBC’s
Antibodies
in Plasma
Can
Receive
Blood
From…
Can
Donate
To…
A
A
Anti-B
O and A
A and AB
B
B
Anti-A
O and B
B and AB
AB
AB
None
A, B, AB
and O
AB
O
O
Anti-A &
Anti-B
O
A, B, AB,
and O
*AB = universal recipient (can receive all blood types)
* O = universal donor (can donate to all blood types)
Blood Type
of Donor
Blood Type of Recipient
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
O
Unsuccessful transfusion
Successful transfusion
VI. Circulatory Problems
Atherosclerosis – Condition in which lipids collect under the
inner lining of damaged artery walls, eventually narrowing
or blocking the artery and obstructing blood flow.
Heart Murmur – Whooshing sound
caused by the back flow of blood from the
left ventricle across the mitral valve back into
the left atrium
Anemia – A decrease in number of
healthy red blood cells
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Thrombosis – (Heart Attack) Blockage of coronary
arteries preventing oxygen to reach a particular area of the heart
muscle
VI. Problems Cont.
Stroke – Occurs when blood vessels leading to or in the
brain clot or burst causing that area of the brain to die due
to lack of oxygen
Leukemia – cancer that originates in the blood – causes
overproduction of leukocytes
Sickle Cell Anemia – Genetic disorder, resulting
in misshaped red blood cells
Rheumatic Fever – A serious inflammatory
condition which follows Streptococcal pharyngitis
(strep throat). Can damage valves in the heart.
Sickle Cell
How is Blood Pressure Measured?





•Hypertension Video
b. Sphygmonometer
Normal Blood Pressure:
120/80
120 – ventricles
contract (systolic)
80 - ventricles relax
(diastolic)
c. Hypertension –
excessively high blood
pressure, medical
consequences (140/90
or higher), can be
caused by alcohol,
smoking, diet and
distress