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Functions during exercise stroke volume - amount of blood pumped during each systole – 33% increase during exercise – maximal stroke volume and maximal heart rate do not always coincide – ? intense exercise Cardiac output/blood pressure amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute HR X SV = Q majority of increase in Q is due to increased HR, small increase in SV blood pressure varies – – – – HR blood volume ventricular contraction resistance of blood flow normal systemic blood pressure in horse – 135/95 to 155/110 – pulmonary blood pressure much lower • less force of contraction, less resistance to flow Total Blood Volume critical index of a horses fitness factors contributing to total blood volume and hemoglobin – breed, age, bodyweight, training & sex training – sprint trained animals have lower Hg levels and PCV than endurance trained animals – ? - more aerobic work stimulates more production of RBC by bone marrow Blood Circulation onset of exercise – some plasma diffuses from blood to tissue – blood becomes more viscous • high PCV – O2 carrying capacity increases due to increased % of RBC per unit of blood – shift of blood from other body parts to exercising muscle tissue – *15% to 85% to muscle – *assists in thermoregulation – *diaphragm Effects of Conditioning cardiovascular changes occur quite rapidly (2 months) resting HR - no change maximal HR - no change heart rate lower following conditioning to do same workload as unconditioned HR returns to resting value faster with conditioning endurance conditioning increases plasma volume 20% and hemoglobin concentration 34% (increased SV) sprint conditioning - greater increases in PCV, RBC, and hemoglobin then endurance conditioning (resting)