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Artificial Hearts Amanda junkins Bme 281 University of rhode island October 2, 2012 What is an Artificial Heart? Total Artificial Heart – device that replaces at least the lower two chambers (ventricles) of the heart and fully takes over cardiac function Often used to bridge the time between heart failure and heart transplantation Can be used for permanent replacement if transplant is not possible History 1940’s-1950’s – early designs of artificial heart machines; used only to keep patient’s blood flowing while the real heart was operated on Late 1950’s-1970’s – artificial hearts tested on animals, primarily dogs and cows 1961 – Dr. Domingo Liotta reported on three types of total artificial hearts with different sources of external energy: an implantable electric motor, an implantable rotating pump with an external electric motor, and a pneumatic pump 1969 – Liotta-Cooley Total Artificial Heart, first clinical use 1982 – the Jarvik 7 artificial heart was implanted into a human being and successful for nearly four months The Jarvik 7 Developed by Dr. Robert Jarvik and Dr. Willem Johan Kolff, starting in 1971 Originally made of a material that the human body would not accept, ended up using aluminum and plastic, with two rubber diaphragms for the pumping action The external compressor that kept the heart beating was the size of a refrigerator – mobility problems Even with the highest success rate (79%), and embolism and infection adequately controlled, there was a great need for a completely implantable heart Newer Models SynCardia Systems Temporary TAH – modeled like the Jarvik 7, with a slightly smaller tube diameter Used for the time between heart failure in both ventricles (irreversible end stage biventricular failure) and heart transplant By 2010, this model included a portable appliance that kept the device running, that was just the size of a fanny pack, allowing patients awaiting a transport to leave the hospital environment Newer Models AbioCor Replacement Heart – fully implantable artificial heart, meaning there are no external tubes or wires penetrating the skin, so there is less risk for infection Used in patients with biventricular heart disease, who are ineligible for a heart transplant and have no other viable options of treatment AbioCor runs on a rechargeable source of power, called transcutaneous energy transmission Advantages/Disadvantages Jarvik 7 – highest success rate of all artificial hearts, able to sustain patients between heart failure and heart transplant, no mobility for the patient SynCardia Systems TAH – smaller, allows for movement with fanny pack sized battery, can’t sustain the patient as long as the Jarvik 7 AbioCor – bigger (more suited for a larger male), fully implantable with less risk of infection, made to be permanent but typically keeps patient alive for 18 months Ethical Considerations Patients with total heart failure have very little time to live, and are often suffering. How does one deal with the situation where a patient asks to be allowed to die? Organ/Heart Transplantation – taking one person’s heart and putting it into another person’s body In the Future 2011 – The Berlin Heart – more of a ventricular assist device (VAD), designed for children, now FDA approved Carmat artificial heart – from the French biomedical firm Carmat, fully implantable TAH, uses electronic sensors and is made from chemically treated animal tissues (biomaterials), clinical trials in 2012/2013 References Advameg, Inc.. "How artificial heart is made - history, used, parts, components, industry, machine, History, Raw Materials, Design, The Manufacturing Process of artificial heart, Quality Control, Byproducts/Waste." How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/ArtificialHeart.html>. "Artificial heart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart>. Greatrex, Nicholas. "Axial Magnetic Bearing Development for the BiVACOR Rotary BiVAD/TAH." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 57.3 (2010): 714-721. IEEE Xplore. Web. "Jarvik Heart | Resources - Robert Jarvik on the Jarvik-7." Jarvik Heart | Home - Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.jarvikheart.com/basic.asp?id=69>.