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Lecture 3
Respiration,blood,circulation and Nutrition
Atwater-Benedict human calorimeter
Window
Soda
Lyme
Oxygen cylinder
Meter
A, B Thermometer measures temperature
of water that goes in and out
C
Tank measures the weight
of water goes out
Motor circulates the air
Pressure conditioner
D
E
Entrance
Yasuo KAGAWA. “Easy nourishment study”
KAGAWA Nutrition publishing, 2006, p.31
Relation among breath on inside, outside breath,
circulation, and blood
Blood
Internal respiration
(Organization respiration)
Inside body
Outside body
Pulmonary
alveolus
External respiration
(Lung respiration)
Gas exchange
between in blooding
and pulmonic
Gas exchange between
blood and cell
Glucose
Mitochondria
Internal respiration
Cell
Breath outside breath and in is connected
through the blood circulation
Source: A part of "Medical student science that learns one step a step" project (http://physiology1.org)
by "Medical student science education sharing group"
Mitochondria are respiratory organs of the cell
Oxygen in lungs－The carbon dioxide
exchange the outside breathes.
The mitochondrial respiration in the cell
breathes on the inside
ATP is synthesized by using oxygen.
ATP is a source of the activity of the mind
and body. Supporter of aerobics
It is few in the white muscle of a lot of
sprinters who are in marathon runner's red
muscle.
The fault of making the active oxygen also.
The first purpose
of nourishment,
breath, and the
circulation is
syntheses of ATP.
The purpose of
confirming the vital
sign like
consideration, the
pulse, the number
of breaths, and the
temperature, etc. is
to know whether
ATP of the cell is
safely supplied
with oxygen and
the nutrient.
ＡＴＰ＝Adenosine
triphosphoric acid
Oxygen
Carbon
Phosph
orus
Nitrogen
Energy source of living body
Hydrogen
Yasuo KAGAWA. “Easy nourishment study”
KAGAWA Nutrition publishing, 2006, p.33
ATP Cycle
CO2
＋
H2 O
Ad－ P～ P～ P
（ATP)
Function
of cell・
Ad－ P～ P＋ P
（ADP) （Phosphoric acid）
Chemosyntheses
Active transport
Muscle
contraction
Cellular respiration.
Combustion of
nutritional substance.
O2
ATP synthesized with
mitochondria is used to
act of the mind and
body, resolved to ADP
and Pi, and synthesized
to ATP by mitochondria
again.
・・
Amount of basal metabolic rate of healthy adult male
(65kg) according to internal organs
－
Amount of ATP generation calculated from oxygen absorbed
Internal organs
Liver
（including abdomen）
Brain
Heart
Kidney
Musculus skeleti
Others
Amount
Ｏ２＊１
ＡＴＰ＊２
mmol/minute
mol/day
mmol/minute
mol/day
2.63
1.85
0.67
1.02
1.77
1.89
9.83
3.8
2.7
1.0
1.5
2.6
2.7
14.2
(453g)
15.78
11.10
4.02
6.12
10.62
11.34
58.95
22.7
16.0
5.8
8.8
15.3
16.3
84.9
(43kg)
*2 ATP generation amount calculated as ATP/O=３
name
age
Standard by Dr. Call
During 120 times of pulsus frequens/minute
or more 50 times of the bradycardia/ as follows
Standard by Dr. Call
From high blood pressure 180mmHg or more
to low blood pressure 90mmHg or less
Ｘ times of increased breathing rate/minute or more
24
Eight times or less of breath/a minute
Five times of artificial respiration beginning/minute
Vital
Day and time
Basis of heart revival method
Airway
management
Artificial
respiration
Cardiac
compression
Except
minute movement
Capillary
Atrium sinistrum
Ventriculus sinister
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Atrium dextrum
Ventriculus dexter
Source: A part of "Medical student science that learns one step a step" project (http://physiology1.org)
by "Medical student science education sharing group"
Electrocardiogram of normality : Sinus rate
Normal
６０～１００/ minutes
１mV
ＲＲ interval
Ventricular systole
Atrial contraction
End of excitement
Sinoatrial node
excitement
An electric
excitement that
happens by nodus
sinuatrialis shrinks,
and positive
Den of order is
gotten and shrinks
to the entire heart
The pulse is 60/minute if the R-R interval is one second
約１
mV
Restarting Battuta Ugo of the heart that
stopped by using AED！
Electrocardiogram of ventricular fibrillation
(Ventricular fibrillation : VF)
Continuousness of curve that cannot distinguish P,
QRS, and T without rule at all. Except emergency
⇒ minute movement
Strict fixed quantity of senior citizen's energy
metabolism by PEG （Nami SASAKI, 2007)
stomach
Outside of
the body
Abdominal
wall
The most basic energy metabolism of the individual variation is large.
Amount of metabolizing at rest and each calculation value of PEG of
900kcal during a day
1600
B group:Strict
amount of energy
metabolizing
PEG:Transdermal
endoscope gastric
fistula Tsctscjuts
The composition is
also constant
1400
ＢMR
1200
800
600
R2
= 0.111
400
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
18 22
（%）
60
1600
Y = 882.232 + 0.187 × X ; R2 = 0.106
REE（Actual measurement value）
1400
Nami SASAKI
(2007)
Recommended
article
1000
800
600
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
REE（Actual measurement value）
Simplicity
1200
ＢＥＥ
C
1600
1400
400
400
P F
1000
1200
BMR
1600
Y = 771.315 + 0.136 × X ;
Y = 773.367 + 0.171 × X ; R2 = 0.088
1000
800
600
400
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
REE（Actual measurement
value）
1600
Classification of blood pressure
Severe
Blood pressure systolic
Hypertension
Middle
Slight
Healthy
Normal
Blood
pressure
Normal
High
value
Best
Blood pressure diastolic
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “Inspection examines blood pressure” Available from
<http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/kenkou/seikatu/kouketuatu/inspection.html>, (accessed 2007-10-23)
Cause disease of bedridden
Uncertainty
Others
Cerebrovascular
disease
Weakening by aged
Number of
estimates
356,000
Dementia
Heart
disease
Rheumatism・Arthritis
Cold・Pneumonia
Fracture・Fall
National Livelihood
Survey (1998)
Yasuo KAGAWA. “Easy nourishment study”
KAGAWA Nutrition publishing, 2006, p.147
Person's of taking medicine ratio(whole country and each age class)
There is no country where a lot of consumption of the medicine
exists like Japan
Each age of man and
woman total
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Medicine that lower
blood pressure
Medicine that mends
disorder of pulse
Medicine that lowers
insulin injection or blood
sugar
Cholesterol-lowering
medicine
50-59
60-69
upper 70
The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
“The healthy people and nourishment investigation report” 2003
Ratio of hypertension (men)
Hypertension of the slight illness person is more than a normal person
It makes it from
normal high price
blood pressure
130 to the problem
in “Metabolic
syndrome”
40
35
30
25
Normal
Slight Illness
Middle Syndrome
Serious Illness
20
15
10
5
0
50-59
60-69
above 70
National healthy nourishment investigation )2003
Yasuo KAGAWA. “Easy nourishment study”
KAGAWA Nutrition publishing, 2006, p.135
Ratio of hypertension (women)
It makes it from normal
high price blood
pressure 130 to the
problem in “Metabolic
syndrome”
45
40
35
30
Normal
Slight Illness
Middle Syndrome
Serious Illness
25
20
15
10
5
0
50-59
60-69
Above 70
National healthy nourishment investigation (2003)
Hereditary
predisposition
Excessive calorie
Saturated fatty acid
Escape Cholesterol
medicine
Arterios
-clerosis
Essential fatty acid
Protein
Excess salt intake
Japanese: 12-15g/ a day
Essential
hypertension
Mental tension
Ca antagonist, Angiotensin
Salt limitation, Inhibitor converting enzyme
Antihypertensive diuretic
tranquilizer
High
Maintenance cholesterol
of proper weight
Inhibitor converting enzyme
Pressor
substance
Obesity
Urine protein
Heart disease
Apoplexy
Kidney disease
Cardiac infarction Brain hemorrhage
Cardiac failure cerebral infarction
Heart pain
Palpitation
Breathing
difficulties
Headache
Tinnitus
Evil intention
Sclerotic kidney syndrome
Uremia
Multi urine
Urine at nighttime
Dryness of mouth
Hypertension and arteriosclerosis
Yasuo KAGAWA. “Nourishment biochemistry”
KAGAWA Nutrition publishing, 1970, p.271
Possibility of getting cardiac infarction
Do
Hypertension
Hyperlipemia
Diabetes
Smoking
ALL
Not to do what had
used to do
Cerebral infarction appearance of disease rate
Per 1,000/year
Rate of appearance
Men
Systolic arterial pressure
Diastolic phase of
uterine contraction
(Research in Hisayama-machi)
Improvement method of hypertension
Low salt and potassium uptake
Low salt of 6g→ shrinkage period blood pressure 3mmHg decrease
Potassium increase → shrinkage period blood pressure 2mmHg
Correction of obesity
1BMI decrease → shrinkage period blood pressure 2mmHg decrease
1 temperance combination (1 glass of beer)
shrinkage period blood pressure 5mmHg decrease
Fast walking for 30 minutes a day
shrinkage period blood pressure 5-10mmHg decrease
Frequency of aryl of gene that relates to salt receptivity
Japanese becomes hypertension easily being inherited more than Caucasian
（Unit：％）
α Adushin
Ｔrp460
Angiotenshinorgen
Ｔ235
81
Japanese
Caucasian
Caucasian 15
45
(Ishikawa, Hypertension
2001)
Aldosterone synthetase
Ｔ-344
69
Japanese
Caucasian
57
Japanese
50
(Tsujita, Hypertens Res 2001)
(Ishikawa, Am J Hypertens
1998)
G Proteinβ3（Na-H
pump） Ｔ825
52
Japanese
Caucasian
25
(Ishikawa, Am J Hypertens
2000)
Amount of meal of blood sugar load and relation of HDL cholesterol
(1349 farm village females of 20-78 years old)
68
66
64
67.2
62
65.5
62.1
60
61.9
60.8
7(
hi
gh
）
95
80
87
10
（l
ow
）
58
69
HDL Cholesterol （mg/dL）
70
Five quantities of amount of meal of blood sugar load
(center for each 1000kcal value)
The value is mean value ± standard error. Tendency P=0.038.
Adjusted (Inhabitable area, use of age, state of climacteric, smoking, and supplement, feeding speeds, body
activity levels, energy intakes, energy ratio, partaking of alcohol, dietary fiber intakes of fat, present BMI, and
BMI at 20 years old)
Murakami et al. Am J Clin Nutr (in press)
Influence that active oxygen (Free radical)
exerts on blood vessel
Blood vessel
Endodermis Cell
Monocyte
Vasoconstrictor
Red blood
cell
Blood vessel
Blood vessel Vasoconstrictor
slack
Overoxidation
of cell film
Endodermis
trouble
Oxidation LDL
Macrophage of
making to bubble
Arteriosclerosis
The
microcirculation
is imperfect
High Cholesterol blood
Arteriosclerosis Low HDL-Cholesterol
Excessive
Hypertension
nourishment
Lack of physical
⇒
activity
Making of food
European-style
Administering the medical
treatment of present Japan
is easy and is earnings
Glucose
intolerance
Obesity
High neutral fat
blood syndrome
High blood of sugar
High uric acid
〇
〇
〇
〇
〇 〇
⇒
Metaboriccshindororm
Internal organs obesity
×
Prevention is the best
○
Individual treatment
Other diseases cannot
be prevented by
improving one
symptom
Lifestyle improvement
The reduction of
the entire iceberg
is safe
Metabolic syndrome is a kernel of the lifestyle disease.
(internal organs obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension,
Apoplexy
Heart disease
Diabetic
Cancer(intestine,
breast)
Gout
Lungs flat
cuticle cancer
Yasuo KAGAWA “Prevention of life
related disease （IWANAMI Shinsho）.
IWANAMI Shoten, 2000, 24p.
Significant decrease in blood pressure because of MS improvement by nourishment
and movement guidance of no administering (1968-1980)
この中で追跡可能なもの
ter 23 years, average 127/75
tional nutrition survey” 136/79
Comparison of Guidance before and after
by Nutrition clinic (KAGAWA Nutrition University)
Fat in the serum
Blood sugar
Glucose tolerance
Before
After
Before
After
Serum total
cholesterol
min
Blood
pressure
Hypertension 283,normal 446
Fall of I-IV is all P<0.01
Systolic
arterial pressure
Normal
Diastolic phase
of uterine
contraction
Normal
Before
After
Before
After
Kagawa Y, Kagawa A:Nutritional Prevention of CVD
(Lovenberg W et al. eds, Acad. Press, N.Y., 1984, pp.339-348)
The person who attend “Eiyo (Nutrition) clinic “
maintains health at a long term
(After 23 years on the average attending a lecture, this ages are the national
nourishment investigation transitions and are compared )
Attendant
“Nutrition clinic”
When
attend
BMI（㎏/m2）
Present
Contrast
Present : p
Present
Object person
vs
Contrast
＊
24.6±3.9 ＊23.3±0.4
0.0050
119.4±14.
SBP（㎜Hｇ）
5
127.1±18.
5
0.0006
DBP（㎜Hｇ）
75.0±9.1
74.9±10.3
TC（㎎/ｄｌ）
208.8±34.7
TG（㎎/ｄｌ）
95.6±46.9
25.7±3.2
135.5±6.3
＊＊
79.4±1.4
0.0007
225.2±33.5
211.9±6.5
0.0015
100.2±55.
8
134.2±10.
9
＜0.0001
Apoplexy suppression of Nishiaizu the
district
Student research by "Food cultural nutrition
faculty, Kagawa nutrition university"
Change in salt intake
14.0
g
13.6
13.7
13.5
13.5
13.4 13.4
13.2
13.0
12.5
13.0
12.9
12.9 12.9
12.5
12.3
12.0
National average
13.0
12.8 12.8
12.9
12.7
12.5
12.4
12.2
12.2 12.2
12.112.1
11.7
12.6
12.3
12.4
Nishi-Aizu
11.5
11.0
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00
year
Material
2002 the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ‘Current state of national nourishment' versions
Data for 93 years and 94 years is a meal record and about 200 of the three days.
Amount of Na exhaust according to prefecture
All dormitory Jichiidai student (urine for 24 hours)
The salt intake is experienced every year because of the biochemistry
practice
National nutrition survey (1995) 13.2g→(2002) 11.4g
２０１－２３６ｍEｑ
１８１－２００ｍEq
１６１－１８０ｍEq
１４１－１６０ｍEq
１３６－１４１ｍEq
(Na1Eq=Salt58.5g)
The Japanese northeast part coming
from student's salt intake is more
intentionally more than the southwest
coming from student also in the same
dining room
Number of
measurem
ents
N=208
One nitric oxide synthetic enzyme gene T786C multi type doesn't become
high blood pressure in case of the salt intake 11.7g or less/a day either
150
145
140
135
TT type
TC/CC type
130
281 Japanese of 45
years on average
TC/CC type that 17%
becomes high blood
pressure easily
125
120
115
<7.5g
7.5-9.2g
9.2-11.7g
>11,7g
Miyaki K et al.: Am J Hypertens. 18: 1556-1562 (2005)
Hypertension appearance of disease rate and Angeotenshinorgen gene
polymorphism after three years intervention examinations
50
45 44
40
41
Hypertension
28
30
20
36
32
Lo
ea
M
O
gh
ei
The TT type increases
production of
Angiotenshinorgen to
maintain the salt in the
inside of the body with
tropical forests
extremely in the region
where the salt is a
little.
W
Sa
w
Lo
t
lt
n
t io
va
er
bs
O
ss
l
y
0
（
％
）
32
25
10
nl
appearance rate
32
ＴＴ type
ＴＭ type
ＭＭ type
The ape and the black
are 100%. A lot of 30% is
had as for the Japanese
and
Caucasian has a lot of
MM types
Improvement of blood pressures of those who
attend normal high price blood pressure
(n=25)
(mmHg)
160
Enhancing period
blood pressure
Systolic arterial
blood pressure
(mmHg)
p=0.04
100
p=0.02
90
140
80
120
70
100
Normal high
value
80
Lower bound
value
60
60
Normal high
value
50
Lower bound
value
40
30
40
20
20
10
0
0
Before
After
Before
After