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EKG Plain and Simple Third Edition CHAPTER 1 Coronary Anatomy and Physiology EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Media Directory Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 18 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 30 Slide 31 Virtual Tour of the Heart Animation Chambers of the Heart Animation Atrial Contraction Animation Ventricular Contraction Animation Cardiac Cycle Animation Nervous System Influence Animation Blood Pressure Animation EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Heart • Muscular organ the size of a man’s closed fist • Functions to pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs • Located in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, above the diaphragm, behind the sternum, in front of the spine • Top of the heart is the base, bottom is the apex EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-1 Heart’s location in thoracic cavity. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Layers of the Heart • Epicardium: Outermost layer, contains coronary arteries • Myocardium: Middle, thickest layer, made of muscle • Endocardium: Thin, innermost layer, forms the heart valves EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pericardium • Double-walled sac that encloses the heart. Serves as support and protection • Pericardial fluid is found between the layers of the pericardium — it minimizes friction of the layers as they rub together with each heartbeat EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Heart Chambers • Right atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body, delivers blood to right ventricle • Right ventricle: Pumps blood to the lungs • Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, delivers blood to the left ventricle • Left ventricle: Pumps blood throughout the body EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-2 The Heart: Its Chambers, Layers, and Blood Flow EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Virtual Tour of the Heart Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing a virtual tour of the heart. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chambers of the Heart Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing the chambers of the heart. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Heart Valves • Valves open/close based on changes in pressure • Semilunar valves – Pulmonic valve: Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery – Aortic valve: Between left ventricle and aorta EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Heart Valves • AV valves – Tricuspid valve: Between right atrium and ventricle – Mitral valve: Between left atrium and ventricle EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Great Vessels • Superior vena cava: Vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from upper body • Inferior vena cava: Vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from lower body EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Great Vessels • Pulmonary artery: Sends deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs • Pulmonary veins: Four veins take oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium • Aorta: Artery that sends oxygenated blood throughout the body EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Superior or inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonic valve pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta body EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiac Cycle • Diastole – Rapid filling phase: AV valves pop open because of pressure gradient; ventricles fill rapidly – Diastasis: Flow into ventricles slows as pressures equalize – Atrial kick: Atria contract, squeezing remainder of blood into ventricles EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-3 Phases of Diastole EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Atrial Contraction Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing an atrial contraction. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiac Cycle • Systole – Isovolumetric contraction: Ventricles contract but no blood is flowing – Ventricular ejection: Valves open, blood pours out of ventricles – Protodiastole: Blood flow slows as pressures equalize EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiac Cycle • Systole – Isovolumetric relaxation: Ventricles relax, valves close – Isovolumetric relaxation: Ventricles relax, valves close EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-4 Phases of Systole EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ventricular Contraction Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing a ventricular contraction. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiac Cycle Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing the cardiac cycle. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Flow Through Systemic Circulation • Aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava right atrium EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-5 Systemic Circulation EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Coronary Arteries • Left anterior descending • Circumflex • Right coronary artery EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-6 Coronary Arteries EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Heart Cells • Contractile cells: Cause the heart to contract • Conduction system cells: Create and conduct impulses to regulate the cardiac cycle EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nervous Control of the Heart • Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions. Has two subdivisions – Sympathetic nervous system: Fight or flight. Hits the accelerator – Parasympathetic nervous system: Rest and digest. Puts on the brakes EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nervous System Influence Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing the nervous system influence. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing blood pressure. Click again to pause the animation. EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Back to Directory Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Classroom Response System EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 1 Which of the following is NOT a layer of the heart? A. Right atrium B. Endocardium C. Myocardium D. Epicardium EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 1 Answer Which of the following is NOT a layer of the heart? A. Right atrium B. Endocardium C. Myocardium D. Epicardium EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 2 Which chamber has the thickest muscle bulk because of its heavy workload? A. Right atrium B. Left atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 2 Answer Which chamber has the thickest muscle bulk because of its heavy workload? A. Right atrium B. Left atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 3 The heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the A. Mitral valve B. Aortic valve C. Pulmonic valve D. Tricuspid valve EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 3 Answer The heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the A. Mitral valve B. Aortic valve C. Pulmonic valve D. Tricuspid valve EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 4 Which of the following is a phase of diastole? A. Protodiastole B. Atrial Kick C. Isovolumetric contraction D. Ventricular Ejection EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 4 Answer Which of the following is a phase of diastole? A. Protodiastole B. Atrial Kick C. Isovolumetric contraction D. Ventricular Ejection EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 5 Rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, and slowed digestion all are evidence of which part of the autonomic nervous system at work? A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pop Question 5 Answer Rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, and slowed digestion all are evidence of which part of the autonomic nervous system at work? A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic EKG Plain and Simple, Third Edition Karen M. Ellis Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
