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(Hydra)
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(Cirulatory system)
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(open circulatory sytem)
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(closed circulatory system)
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&sig=100180931026971216112&page=3&tbnh=130&tbnw=65&start=37&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:37,i:170
(3 chmabered heart))
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(Blood vessel layers)
Circulation and Gas exchange
Chapter 42
Over View
Trading With The Environment
• All organisms exchange materials and
energy with its environment.
• Exchanges take place at a cellular level.
Exchange in unicellular
organisms
Exchanges directly with environment
(in multicellular cells, direct exchange
isn't really possible.
• The feathery gills
emerging from a
salmon
– Are an example of a
specialized exchange
system found in
animals
Transport systems
• The more complex an animal, the more
complex its internal transport system is.
• All transport systems circulate fluids that
serve as a lifeline between living cells, and
exchange organs such as lungs which
exchange c02 for the oxygen it receives.
Gastrovascular cavities
• Gastrovascular
cavities help with both
digestion and
distribution
throughout the body.
• There is a wide range
of complexity of
gastrovascular
cavities. (very simple
to very complex)
Open and Closed circulatory
systems
The most complex animals have one or
two types of systems. (open or closed)
Both types of systems have three main
features
A circulatory fluid (blood)
A set of tubes (blood vessels)
A muscular pump ( the heart)
Open circulatory systems
• Mostly in insects,
arthropods and
mulluscs.
• Blood flows freely
though the body,
bathing all of the
organs directly in
blood.
Closed circulatory system
• Blood isn't freely
flowing, must be
contained in blood
vessels.
• Much more of an
efficient way to
transport fluids to
cells and tissues.
Fishes
• Key features of a fishes heart include, one
ventricle and one atrium.
• Blood is pumped from the ventricle, then
travels to gills where it exchanges co2 for
O2.
• (see previous page for picture)
Reptiles
• Have double
circulation, including
lungs (pulmonary)
and systemic circuit.
• Turtles, snakes and
lizards all have a
three chambered
heart.
Mammals and Birds
• The heart is completely divided into seprate left
and right chambers, the left pumps oxygen rich
blood while the right pumps oxygen poor blood.
• The four chambered heart was an essential
adaptation of the endothermic way of life of
mammals and birds.
Mammalian Circulation
• Heart valves, a one way flow of
blood thought the heart.
• Begins with right ventricle,
pumping blood to the lungs.
• In lungs, the blood is loaded
with O2 and unloads its CO2
• Oxygen rich blood is now
pumped back to left atrium of
the heart to then be pumped
by the left ventricle and
distributed around the body to
all tissues and cells.
• Blood returns through right
atrium, and process is
repeated.
Blood vessel structure and
Function
• The circulatory
system is mainly a
large network of blood
vessels.
• All blood vessels are
built of similar tissues
and have three similar
layers.
• Structures differentiate in arteries, veins and
capillaries to accommodate their functions.
• Such as, Arteries have thicker walls to
accommodate for the higher blood pressure.
• Veins have thinner walls because the blood
flows back mainly due to muscle actions.
Blood Pressure: the hydrostatic
pressure against the wall of a
vessel
• Systolic Pressure: pressure during
ventricular systole in the arteries, also has
the highest pressure in the arteries.
• Diastolic Pressure: the pressure in the
arteries during diastole, is also lower then
systolic pressure.
• Blood pressure in humans is very easily
measured.
Critical exchange of substances.
• The exchange of blood and interstitial fluid
takes place across a thin endothelial wall
of the capillaries.
Leukocytes
• The bloos contains five major types of
leukocytes or white blood cells:
Monocytes,neutrophils,
basophils,eosinophils and lymphocytes
which all aid in defense by producing
antibodies.
Gas Exchange
• Occurs across a specialized respiratory
surfaces.
• Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration
and to dispose of carbon dioxide.
Lungs
• When the rib and diaphragm contract or
expand volume will increase.
• Air passes in one direction only and with
every exhalation we completely renew the
air in our lungs.
• The main control of breathing rate is the
medulla oblongata and the pons.
Transport of Carbon dioxide
• Hemoglobin helps transport as well as
assisting in buffering.