Download 02.MineralsRevised

Prentice Hall
EARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck

Lutgens
Chapter
2
Elements and Minerals
Atmosphere – O2, N2
Lithosphere –
minerals like SiO2
(quartz), NaCl (halite
or salt)
Hydrosphere – H2O
with Na+ and ClBiosphere – DNA,
proteins, sugars, fats
2.1 Matter
Elements and the Periodic Table
 Elements are the basic building blocks
of minerals.
 Over 100 elements are known.
2.1 Matter
Atoms
 Smallest particles of matter
 Have all the characteristics of an element
 The nucleus is the central part of an atom
and contains
• protons, which have positive electrical charges
• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges
2.1 Matter
Atoms
 Energy levels, or shells
• surround the nucleus
• contain electrons—negatively charged particles
•Electrons in the outer shell are involved in bonding
 The atomic number is the number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom.
Model of an Atom
2.1 Matter
Isotopes
 Isotopes of an element have the same number
of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.
 Have different mass numbers: the sum of the
neutrons plus protons
 Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy
and particles.
 The mass number is the number of neutrons and
protons in the nucleus of an atom = the total
mass of an atom.
2.1 Matter
Why Atoms Bond
 When an atom’s outermost energy level
does not contain the maximum number
of electrons, the atom is likely to form a
chemical bond with one or more atoms.
• A compound consists of two or more
elements that are chemically combined in
specific proportions.
• An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.
2.1 Matter
Types of Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic bonds form between positive and
negative ions.
2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share
electrons.
3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions
share electrons.
2.2 Minerals
Definition of a Mineral
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid substance
3. Orderly crystalline structure
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Generally considered inorganic
2.2 Minerals
How Minerals Form
1. Crystallization from magma
2. Precipitation/Evaporation
3. Pressure and temperature
4. Hydrothermal solutions
Many minerals start out in liquids that are hot
enough to melt rocks. Magma is melted rock
inside Earth, a molten mixture of substances that
can be hotter than 1,000°C. Magma cools slowly
inside Earth, which gives mineral crystals time to
grow large enough to be seen clearly
Granite is a type of rock that
forms from magma. It
contains the minerals quartz
(clear), plagioclase feldspar
(shiny white), potassium
feldspar (pink), and other
minerals.
Diamonds form about 160 km
below the surface.
They are pushed up by rare
Kimberlite pipes of gaseous
magma.
Minerals Formed as a Result of
Crystallization of Magma
2.2 Minerals
Mineral Groups
 Can be classified based on their
composition
1. Silicates
• Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure
called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the
framework of every silicate mineral. SiO2,
Quartz
• 96% of minerals in Earth’s crust
The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets,
and Three-Dimensional Networks
2.2 Minerals
Mineral Groups
2. Carbonates
• Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
oxygen, and one or more other metallic
elements, fizz when exposed to acids.
Calcite CaCO3 (stalagtite & stalagmites)
3. Oxides
• Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more
other elements, which are usually metals,
Magnetite Fe3O4 (magnetic “lodestone”)
2.2 Minerals
Mineral Groups
4. Sulfates and Sulfides
• Minerals that contain the element sulfur, Pyrite
(fool’s gold) FeS2
5. Halides
• Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or
more other elements, NaCl (table salt)
6. Native elements
• Minerals that exist in relatively pure form, gold
and silver, Au and Ag
Sulfides
Native Copper
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Color
 Small amounts of different elements can
give the same mineral different colors.
 http://thehappyscientist.com/studyunit/mineral-id-color
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Streak
 Streak is the color of a mineral in its
powdered form.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Luster
 Luster is used to describe how light is
reflected from the surface of a mineral.
Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays
Metallic Luster.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Crystal Form
 Crystal form is the visible expression
of a mineral’s internal arrangement of
atoms.
Quartz Often Exhibits
Good Crystal Form.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Hardness
 Hardness is a measure of the
resistance of a mineral to being
scratched.
 Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals
arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
Mohs Scale of Hardness
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Cleavage
 Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
cleave, or break, along flat, even
surfaces.
Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Fracture
 Minerals that do not show cleavage
when broken are said to fracture.
 Fracture—the uneven breakage of
a mineral
Conchoidal Fracture
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Density
 Density is a property of all matter that
is the ratio of an object’s mass to its
volume.
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Distinctive Properties of Minerals
 Some minerals can be recognized by
other distinctive properties.
Review Question 1
When magnesite (MgCO ) is mixed with hydrochloric
acid (HCl)
3
, it results in a deterioration of the magnesite and carbon dioxide and water are formed. This reaction results in a fizzing or bubbling
as gas is released. Which mineral group does magnesite belong?
1.Silicates
2.Carbonates
3.Oxides
4.Halides