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Working memory research Group member : 唐牧辰 武天翊 侯晓林 赵诣 赵阳 BACKGROUND Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a Model of Working Memory in 1974, in an attempt to describe a more accurate model of short-term memory. BACKGROUND •Central Executive The central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes. It has the following functions: • binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes • coordination of the slave systems • shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies Central Executive • selective attention and inhibition Phonologic al Loop Visualspatial Sketchpad Episodic Buffer BACKGROUND •Phonological loop The phonological loop (or "articulatory loop") as a whole deals with sound or phonological information. It consists of two parts: • a short-term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay. • an articulatory rehearsal component that can revive the memory traces. Central Executive Phonological Loop Visualspatial Sketchpad Episodic Buffer BACKGROUND •Visual-spatial Sketchpad The visual spatial sketchpad is assumed to hold information about what we see. It is used in the temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information, such as remembering shapes and colors, or the location or speed of objects in space. Central Executive Phonologic al Loop Visualspatial Sketchpad Episodic Buffer Factors may Influence Memory Personal Factors •Gender • Occupations • Age • Education Held Factors Central Executive/Episodic Buffer • Working memory capacity • Inner logical relationship among materials 1st Experiment Phonological loop/Visual-spatial Sketchpad • Information reception channel ( visual / phonological ) 2nd Experiment Testing circumstance control Temperature controlling 25~30 ℃ Loudness controlling 40~70 Space controlling Indoor No Review ! 1st Experiment Response variables: Memory level (quantity of right numbers remembered) Testing factors: Scale: size of materials (series of integer numbers) Logicality: logicality of materials Time: time span on memorizing materials Testing materials: Number sequence (has covert inner logicality) Variables determination Logicality low: without logicality (logicality unknown), high: without logicality (logicality known) Memory scale Low: 3*6 (divide 18 numbers into three groups with 6 numbers each) high: 2*9 (divide 18 numbers into two groups with 9 numbers each) Experiment time low: morning, med: afternoon, high: night Data collection Sample collecting time: morning (9:00~11:00), afternoon(14:00~16:00), night(19:00~21:00) Exactly two hours after remembering. Testing methodology Divide the number sequence factitiously Using Access to collect the data Experiment design • Two and Three level mixed experimental design • Number of experiment subjects chosen? Four •How to eliminate the noise caused by variability of experiment subjects? Focusing on college students, apply all the runs for every subject. •How to quantize memory effects? correct answer in correct position • How to eliminate the noise caused by the testing order? Choosing randomized test order Experiment design Design matrix run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 scale -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 logicality -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 XL -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 XL -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X stands for the factor “Time” XQ 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 X LOW LOW MED MED MED MED HIGH HIGH LOW LOW MED MED MED MED HIGH HIGH Experiment design Design matrix (cont’d) • Scale: -1 stands for low scale (divide 18 numbers into 3 groups), 1 stands for high scale (divide 18 numbers into 2 groups) • Time:-1 stands for morning, 0 stands for afternoon, 1 stands for night • Logical: -1 means the quizzee doesn’t know the inner logicality of the 18 serials number, 1 means the quizzee get the inner logicality of the numbers. DOE 13 Data analysis • Main effects and the interaction effects Response 主效应图 数据平均值 scale logical 16 15 14 平均值 13 12 -1 1 -1 Response 交互作用图 1 拟合平均值 Time -1 16 15 16 14 14 13 1 Time -1 0 1 Time 12 12 -1 0 16 1 14 logical logical -1 1 12 scale -1 1 16 14 scale 12 -1 DOE 0 1 -1 1 14 Data analysis • ANOVA The factor “Time” is not significant, so we reduce the design into a two factors full factorial design: DOE 15 Data analysis • Estimation of the coefficients and ANOVA: Both the two factors and the interaction of them are significant. R-Sq = 75.15% means the model explain 75.15% of the variation, because it is an experiment about human factor, high enough. DOE 16 Data analysis • Residual Response 残差图 正态概率图 与拟合值 99.9 99 2 残差 百分比 90 50 0 -2 10 1 -4 0.1 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 残差 2.5 5.0 12.0 直方图 13.2 14.4 拟合值 15.6 16.8 与顺序 16 2 残差 频率 12 8 -2 4 0 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 残差 1 2 3 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 观测值顺序 • We cannot obtain any unique pattern on the residual versus fitted value and the residual versus observation order. DOE 17 Data analysis • Residual 残差2 的概率图 正态 - 95% 置信区间 99.9 均值 0 标准差 1.246 N 64 AD 0.731 P 值 0.054 99 百分比 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 1 0.1 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 残差2 2.5 DOE 5.0 18 Data analysis • Residual versus factors 残差与 scale (响应为 Response) 3 2 The range and the variation of the residuals when the logical factor is at different levels have distinct difference, this can be explained that not all of the persons being tested cannot make good use of the inner logic of the number sequence when he is trying to remember them. 0 残差与 logical -1 (响应为 Response) -2 3 -3 2 1 -4 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 scale 0.5 残差 残差 1 1.0 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1.0 DOE -0.5 0.0 logical 0.5 1.0 19 Conclusion: • For short time (exactly two hours later) number sequence memory, the memory index is independent of the “Time” factor. • Short time number sequence memory index has great relationship with the scale factor. • Short time number sequence memory index has significant relationship with the logicality factor. • Short time number sequence memory index has significant relationship with the integration factor of scale and logicality. DOE 20 2st Experiment Experiment Design Experiment Material • A sequence of two simple shapes Consider the capacity of working memory is approximately between 6 and 10 for most people. And in order to amplify the experiment result , we choose upper-bound. Reception Channel • Demonstrate the image on the PPT slides • Audio description of the same sequence • Combine the visual & audio ways Data Recording • Excel files written by Visual Basic micros inside slides Experiment design • 3 specimen • 3 treatments (shape/sound/shape & sound) • 3 replications • To eliminate the block factor of test order as possible, we apply the test as the following sequence Subject1 Subject2 Subject 3 Replication 1 1-2-3 3-1-2 2-3-1 Replication 2 2-1-3 1-3-2 3-2-1 Replication 3 3-1-2 2-3-1 1-2-3 Data Analysis • The box plot: the mean responses of the three treatments are different from each other at a significant level. R e s p o n s e 的箱线图 10 9 8 Response 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 shape shape&sound Acceptance_Format DOE sound 23 Data Analysis • One-way ANOVA: • P value is smaller than the significant 0.05, which shows that the factor is significant. And the comparison of the mean under different treatments (Tukey ) DOE 24 Data Analysis • One-way ANOVA: •This indicates that our model is weak in explaining the data, only 23.58% of the total variation. DOE However S = 2.768 R-Sq = 23.58% R-Sq(调整) = 18.95% 25 Data Analysis 存储残差1 的概率图 正态 - 95% 置信区间 99 均值 标准差 N AD P 值 95 90 0 2.687 36 1.012 0.010 80 百分比 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 1 -10 -5 0 存储残差1 5 10 • P value is too small and the residual variance is normally distributed. DOE 26 Data Analysis 残差与 Acceptance Format (响应为 Response) 5.0 2.5 残差 0.0 -2.5 The essential reason is that the individual difference and individual-5.0 preference! -7.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Acceptance Format 1.5 2.0 •Thus we should do ANOVA for every single subject • The residual variance displays different distribution in Acceptance Format (0: shape 1:sound 2:shape&sound) DOE 27 Data Analysis • Target 1: ANOVA • The response is significant thus the image memory is the fittest for the first participant DOE 28 Data Analysis • Target 2: ANOVA • The response is not significant thus we can conclude no optimal memory approach for the second participant DOE 29 Data Analysis • Target 3: ANOVA • The response is significant thus the optimal memory approach for the third participant is shape and shape & sound. R-Sq value is a bit small this indicates that the interpretability is not strong. However, considering the ergonomics, the result is within the acceptance. DOE 30 Data Analysis The residual plot of target 3 存储残差3 的概率图 正态 - 95% 置信区间 99 均值 4.934325E-16 标准差 1.803 N 9 AD 0.414 P 值 0.261 95 90 80 百分比 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 1 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 存储残差3 2.5 5.0 7.5 More replications is needed to eliminate the potential noise! DOE 31 Conclusion: • The memory effects varies a lot highly depending on the personal factors. • More replications is needed to precisely estimate the personal preference on working memory. Thanks Q&A