Download V PP - McGraw Hill Higher Education

3-1
Electronics
Principles & Applications
Eighth Edition
Charles A. Schuler
Chapter 3
Diodes
(student version)
©2013
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-2
INTRODUCTION
• The PN Junction
• Characteristic Curves of Diodes
• Diode Lead Identification
• Diode Types and Applications
• Photovoltaic Energy Sources
Diodes are
two-terminal
workhorses.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-3
Dear Student:
This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment
is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a
Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review
slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by
clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you
to view that segment again, if you want to.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-4
Concept Preview
• Diodes have both P-regions and N-regions. The
boundaries are called junctions.
• The P-region is the anode side. The N-region is
the cathode side.
• There are three possible bias conditions: zero,
forward, and reverse.
• Zero bias is accompanied by a depletion region.
• Forward bias can collapse the depletion region.
• Reverse bias enhances the depletion region.
• Bias determines if diodes will be off or on.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-5
The P-side of a junction diode is doped with acceptor atoms.
The N-side of a junction diode is doped with donor atoms.
junction
P
Anode
N
Cathode
A silicon crystal
Schematic Symbol
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-6
Zero Bias
The electrons near the junction cross
over and fill the holes near the junction.
Depletion region
Having no carriers, the depletion region is an insulator.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-7
Forward Bias
The carriers move toward the junction
and collapse the depletion region.
The diode is on (conducting).
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-8
Reverse Bias
The carriers move away from the junction.
The depletion region is reestablished
and the diode is off.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-9
Diode quiz
At zero bias, diodes show a depletion region
which acts as an________.
insulator
The depletion region is collapsed by applying
_________ bias.
forward
The depletion region is made wider by applying
________ bias.
reverse
A forward-biased diode has its anode________
with respect to its cathode.
positive
Diode forward voltage drop decreases as
temperature ________.
increases
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-10
Concept Review
• Diodes have both P-regions and N-regions. The
boundaries are called junctions.
• The P-region is the anode side. The N-region is
the cathode side.
• There are three possible bias conditions: zero,
forward, and reverse.
• Zero bias is accompanied by a depletion region.
• Forward bias can collapse the depletion region.
• Reverse bias enhances the depletion region.
• Bias determines if diodes will be off or on.
Repeat Segment
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-11
Concept Preview
• The volt-ampere graph for a resistor is a straight
line (a resistor is a linear device).
• The volt-ampere graph for a diode is non-linear.
• The knee voltage for a silicon diode is
approximately 0.7 volts. This is the voltage
required to collapse the depletion region.
• Excess reverse bias will result in diode
breakdown.
• The cathode end might be marked with a band.
• Diodes can be tested with an ohmmeter.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-12
5 ohms
200
175
150
10 ohms
mA
125
100
75
20 ohms
50
25
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volts
Resistor volt-ampere characteristic curves
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-13
Forward current in mA
200
175
150
125
100
75
knee
50
25
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Forward bias in volts
Silicon diode volt-ampere characteristic curve
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-14
Linearity
• The volt-ampere characteristic curve for
a resistor is a straight line (linear).
• A diode has a non-linear characteristic
curve.
• The barrier potential produces a knee in
the diode curve.
• The knee voltage is approximately 0.6 to
0.7 volts for silicon diodes.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-15
Forward current in mA
200
175
100 oC
150
125
25 oC
100
75
-50 oC
50
25
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Forward bias in volts
The effect of temperature
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-16
breakdown
600
Reverse bias in Volts
400
200
0
20
40
60
80
Reverse
current
in mA
100
120
140
Silicon diode reverse bias characteristic curve
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-17
Cathode lead
Anode lead
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-18
Cathode lead
V
mA
Anode lead
The diode is forward biased by the ohmmeter.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-19
Cathode lead
V
mA
Anode lead
The diode is reverse biased by the ohmmeter.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-20
Silicon diode ohmmeter testing
• Low resistance in both directions: the
diode is shorted.
• High resistance in both directions: the
diode is open.
• Relatively low resistance in the reverse
direction: the diode is leaky.
• The ratio of reverse resistance to forward
resistance is > 1000: the diode is good.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-21
Concept Review
• The volt-ampere graph for a resistor is a straight
line (a resistor is a linear device).
• The volt-ampere graph for a diode is non-linear.
• The knee voltage for a silicon diode is
approximately 0.7 volts. This is the voltage
required to collapse the depletion region.
• Excess reverse bias will result in diode
breakdown.
• The cathode end might be marked with a band.
• Diodes can be tested with an ohmmeter.
Repeat Segment
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-22
Concept Preview
• Zener diodes have a relatively low breakdown
voltage and are often used as voltage regulators.
• Diode clippers limit signal amplitude.
• Diode clamps produce a dc signal component.
• Diodes can be used to suppress inductive kick.
• Optocouplers combine light emitting diodes and
photodiodes.
• Fiber optic cables carry light signals.
• Varicap diodes are used to tune electronic circuits.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-23
Reverse bias in Volts
6
4
2
0
20
40
60
80
Reverse
current
in mA
100
120
140
A zener diode is designed to break down and
conduct backwards at lower voltages.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-24
Reverse bias in Volts
4
6
2
0
20
40
60
V
I
80
Reverse
current
in mA
100
120
140
V
McGraw-Hill
The voltage across a conducting
zener is relatively constant.
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-25
Using a zener diode as a voltage regulator
Unregulated Supply
Load
The load is in parallel with the zener and will see a
relatively constant voltage as long as the zener is conducting.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-26
This circuit is called a clipper or limiter.
When VIN < 1.2 VPP
VIN
VOUT
VOUT is not clipped
The diodes do not conduct.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-27
When VIN > 1.2 VPP
VIN
VOUT
+ 0.6 V
VOUT is clipped
The diodes conduct.
- 0.6 V
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-28
This circuit is called a clamp or dc restorer.
When VIN > 1.2 VPP
C is charged.
VIN
C
VOUT
dc
VOUT is clamped.
McGraw-Hill
0.6 V
VPP
- 0.6 V
VOUT(dc) =
2
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-29
CEMF
The inductive kick
can cause damage.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-30
Transient suppression diodes can be used with inductive loads.
CEMF
The coil discharges
through the diode and
there is no arc.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-31
LED
As the electrons cross the junction, they
lose energy in the form of photons.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-32
LED circuit
RS
Power
supply
LED
VS
VD
IS =
VS - VD
RS
The typical voltage drop for most LEDs is from 1.5 to 2.5 V.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-33
VISIBLE AND/OR
INVISIBLE
LASER DIODE
VISIBLE AND/OR INVISIBLE
LASER RADIATION-AVOID
DIRECT EXPOSURE TO BEAM
AVOID EXPOSURE
visible and/or invisible
Laser Radiation is
emitted from this
aperture
Ultraviolet LEDs are also dangerous and invisible!
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-34
RS
Power
supply
VS
Photodiode
Photodiodes are reverse biased and
conduct in the presence of light.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-35
Input
Output
Input
Optocoupler
Output
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-36
Step-index multimode fiber
Input pulse
Output pulse
The combined shorter and longer path lengths
act to stretch the output pulse.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-37
Step-index multimode fiber
Due to pulse stretching, high speed data transmission is not possible.
Input
Output
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-38
Single mode fiber
Input
A single path means no pulse stretching and
high speed data transmission is possible.
Output
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-39
Tuning diode
L
C
ZERO BIAS
C is maximum and fR is minimum.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-40
Tuning diode
L
C
REVERSE BIAS
C is less and fR increases.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-41
Tuning diode
L
C
MAX. REVERSE BIAS
C is minimum and fR is maximum.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-42
Diode applications quiz
A circuit used to control the amplitude of a
signal is the ________.
clipper
A circuit used to add a dc component to a
signal is the ________.
clamp
A device containing an LED and a photodiode is the ________.
optocoupler
A tuning diode shows less capacitance as
reverse bias ________.
increases
The device that is often used to regulate
voltage is the ________ diode. zener
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-43
Concept Review
• Zener diodes have a relatively low breakdown
voltage and are often used as voltage regulators.
• Diode clippers limit signal amplitude.
• Diode clamps produce a dc signal component.
• Diodes can be used to suppress inductive kick.
• Optocouplers combine light emitting diodes and
photodiodes.
• Fiber optic cables carry light signals.
• Varicap diodes are used to tune electronic circuits.
Repeat Segment
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-44
Here we see a photon
enter a PV cell and
liberate an electron.
McGraw-Hill
Then we see the
electron move to the
front contact and
through the load.
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-45
For a given level of illumination, there is one and
only one load that will result in maximum power
transfer to the load.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-46
The MPPT controller maintains system efficiency
for varying levels of illumination.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-47
Measuring the current output from a PV source is a
common troubleshooting task.
A camp type current probe is a safer and more
convenient method of measuring output current.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-48
Photovoltaic quiz
Photovoltaic devices directly convert
light energy to ________ energy. electrical
A photon entering a PV cell might liberate a
free ________.
electron
The ideal (best power transfer) load on a PV
source varies with the level of_______. illumination
MPPT improves PV system efficiency by
adjusting the ________ resistance.
load
PV troubleshooting might involve measuring
the voltage and/or the ____ output.
current
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-49
REVIEW
• The PN Junction
• Characteristic Curves of Diodes
• Diode Lead Identification
• Diode Types and Applications
• Photovoltaic Energy Sources
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.