Download Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals

Figure 1.1 Charges of unlike sign attact each other, those of like sign repel.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.2 The architecture of the dipolar water molecule. The red and blue surface
regions are charged positively and negatively respectively.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.3 The field created by a positive charge is directed away from the charge in all
three-dimensional directions, the converse being true for negative charges.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.4 In a spherically symmetrical geometry, all properties are uniform on spheres
such as r = R. Here a charge Q resides at the r = 0 origin.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.5 The test charge experiences a repulsive force of magnitude Qtestq/2ε from the
positively charged sheet, independent of l, and an attractive force of the same
magnitude from the negatively charged sheet.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.6 A test charge moves a short distance δr from point A to point B towards the
source of an electric field. It experiences a field of strength X acting in the direction of
increasing r.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.7 A test charge journeying by the direct A → B route encounters a field that is
constantly changing in both strength and direction. However, the work involved is the
same as via the route A → C → B. No work accompanies the A → C journey along the
circular arc.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.8 Parallel plates store electric charge, and retain the charge when the switch is
opened.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.9 Measurable potential differences exist within the dielectric and between the
metal phases, but not between points in dissimilar phases.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.10 In an electric field, dipoles become aligned, to some extent, so that the
dipole field opposes the field applied by the plates.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.11 Arrangement for measuring the conductivity of an electronic conductor. The
method is sometimes called the 4-terminal method because there are four connections
to the conductor. The sample of conductor is of length L and cross-sectional area A.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.12 In the absence of chemical reaction, current flows transiently when a field is
applied to an ionic conductor.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.13 How the charge passed varies with time following the imposition of an
electric field on three classes of material. For the insulator, a charge of magnitude
AεΔE/L passes almost immediately. For the electronic conductor, the charge passed
increases linearly as AκtΔE/L. For the ionic conductor, the charge accumulates at an
ever-decreasing rate.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.14 In the absence of chemical reaction, ions move and accumulate at the
interfaces when a field is applied to an ionic conductor.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.15 Positive charge carriers move in response to a field, leading to the flow of
current I.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.16 Cations, moving to the right with the field, and anions, moving leftwards
against the field, both contribute to the current.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.17 Circuits to evaluate the effect of a voltage step on a resistor and a capacitor
in parallel (left) and series (right). In the parallel case, ΔEC and ΔER are identical; when
the components are in series, the same current I flows through R and C.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.18 How the current changes following the imposition of a constant voltage on a
series arrangement of a resistor and a capacitor.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.19 Waveforms of the domestic electricity supply: the green and violet curves
respectively illustrate 120 V, 60 Hz and 240 V, 50 Hz supplies.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.20 An a.c. circuit for measuring the impedance of five alternative loads.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.21 A typical Fourier spectrum. In this example, harmonics are present at
frequencies of 3ω, 5ω, 7ω, …, in addition to the fundamental of frequency ω. Here,
ω = 2π/P.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 1.22 A square wave of amplitude |E|, period P and frequency 2π/P.
Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals and Applications,
Keith B. Oldham, Jan C. Myland and Alan M. Bond.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.