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VADODARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING KOTAMBI-391510 ACTIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT ON SUBMITTED BY Parth sandesara-13ELEE533 Foram sureja-13ELEE531 Vivek lakhana-13ELEE532 Sahaj patel-13ELEE534 Direct Current Circuits Chapter 1 Sources of emf The source that maintains the constant current in a closed circuit is the emf. Batteries, & generators are two sources of emf They increase the PE of the charges circulating in the circuits Sources of emf DV = E – Ir r = the internal resistance of the battery DV = the terminal voltage of the battery I = E /( R + r ) If R is much greater than r, we can neglect r in our analysis and we do, for many circuits Sources of emf IE = I2R + I2r This tells us the total power output of the source of emf If R is much greater than r, than most of the power from the emf is transferred to the load resistance We will assume that the internal resistance, r, of a battery is negligible. Resistors in Series Series The current through any combination of resistors in series is constant The voltage drop across an individual resistor in series is variable. Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . Resistors in Series Fig. 18.2b, p. 557 Slide 6 Resistors in Parallel Parallel The current through each resistor connected in parallel is variable (path of least resistance) The voltage across each resistor connected in parallel is constant. 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . Resistors in Parallel Fig. 18.6b, p. 560 Slide 13 Kirchoff’s Rules The sum of the currents entering any junction must equal the sum of the currents leaving that junction. (Junction Rule) The sum of the DV across all the elements around any closed-circuit loop must be zero. (Loop Rule) Kirchoff’s Rules You must assign symbols and directions to the currents. When applying the loop rule, you must choose a direction for going around the loop. DV = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3 Use a system of equations to solve for the missing quantity Kirchoff’s Rules Fig. 18.14, p.565 Slide 27 RC Circuits In RC circuits the current varies with time q = Q(1 – e(-t/RC)) Q is the maximum charge t = time RC is the time constant called t The time constant, t, represents the time required for the charge to increase from zero to 63.2% of its maximum value RC Circuits Discharging of a capacitor q = Qe(-t/RC) In one time constant the capacitor loses 63.2% of its initial charge