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(from left to right) ASHLEY FRIEND, SUBHASIS GHOSH, EMMANUELLE DORVIL, DHRUV GAUR GROUP WORK 2009 Equal contribution and enthusiasm makes our presentation a success. Dhruv and Subhasis in charge of presentation, Ashley and Emmanuella in charge of report writing. This presentation will demonstrate the work done in the ECE 002 class. Sensor Characterization Robot in a Maze, Elevator Oscilloscope, Circuits, PSPICE MATLAB Sensor Characterization Purpose: To understand the way a variety of sensors can be used and to test values that will come from using these sensors Resources Top Hat Sensor Analog sensors Results Trial 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1 220 216 211 162 115 80 10 9 8 7 2 194 192 185 162 118 53 11 9 8 8 3 188 193 182 152 113 43 11 9 8 8 Average Averag e 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 201 200 193 159 115 59 11 9 8 8 0 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm 20 cm 25 cm 30 cm 35 cm 40 cm 45 cm 18 56 189 200 236 242 245 247 250 250 ROBOT IN A MAZE Purpose: To create a robot that would successfully navigate a maze Handyboard Two Motors Bumper Sensor, Sonar Sensor, and Two Analog Light Sensors ROBOT...(contd..) Methods: We tested the sensors for their ranges Created the robot from legos Made corrections to structure or code as necessary Conclusion: Allowed us to understand the relationship between coding and sensors Challenges: Analog sensor troubles Keeping the robot in one piece Incorrect turns Misaligned gears void main() { int i=1; //defines the beginning of the count while(start_button()==0); while(i<4) //will repeat the while loop until the count is equal to four { motor(0,20); motor(3,20); if(digital(13)==1) //if the bumper sensor is hit { motor(0,-15); motor(3,-15); sleep(1.0); ao(); //sleep(1.5); printf("\n%d",sonar()); if(sonar()<360) //senses whether or not there is a wall on its side, if there is a wall there { motor(0,50); motor(3,-20); sleep(1.3); i++; } else //if there is no wall next to the robot { motor(0,-20); motor(3,50); sleep(1.3); i++; } } while(analog(4)<200) //senses whether or not the robot is at the finish line { motor(0,20); motor(3,20); } ao(); } } ELEVATOR Purpose: To create an elevator from legos that will go up and down Resources Handyboard Analog sensors ELEVATOR...(contd..) CODE: void main() if(stop_button()==1) { { if(analog(3)>200) while(1) { { ao(); if(start_button()==1) } { else If(analog(2)>200) { { motor(0,-20); ao(); motor(3,-20); } sleep(2.0); else motor(0,-5); { motor(3,-5); motor(0,20); motor(3,20); } sleep(2.0); } motor(1,5); motor(3,5); } } } } INSTRUMENTATION •OBJECTIVE 1. Understanding Oscilloscopes 2. Applying it to the study of 3. • Resources waves Applying to understand AC and DC signals PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Set the channel and trigger mode Attach the BNC cable and the mini Adjust the time dial and then set up the position dial so as to center the green line on the screen Set the DC voltage using the VOLTS/DIV dial Finally connect the mini grabber strips to the power supply Oscilloscope DC Power Supply RESULTS 5 volts/division 5 microseconds time/div A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]; B = [20; 35; 45] X = inv(A) * B X= 80 -30 -25 Time = 5 microseconds Voltage = .2 volts/div CIRCUITS Resources •PURPOSE 1. 2. 3. • Construct variety of circuits Understand the application of Ohm’s Law, breadboard, multi-meter Measure voltage change across the resistors upon using different values of resistance Breadboard Resistors- 1k, 2k ohm METHOD 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the resistors onto the breadboard in either series or parallel Attach the mini grabber plugs in order to measure the voltage across Use the 1k ohm resistor in series and parallel and measure the voltage across it using the multi-meter Replace the 1k ohm resistor by a 2 k ohm resistor and measure the voltage across it Diode Mini-grabber cables DC power supply RESULTS The results helped to confirm the group’s knowledge of Ohm’s Law and circuits. Lab fairly straight forward The lab was fairly straight forward but the equipment was confusing Connecting the multi-meter to the circuit voltage was confusing With practice we learned exactly where the multi-meter needed to achieve the desired voltage. This was an important project as major portion will be discussed further in the ECE program as well as for future jobs in electrical areas. Multimeter confusi ng Ohm’s Law and circuits Usage in other ECE classes Practice improv ed our learning • Method 1. PSPICE 2. 3. PURPOSE 1. 2. To use the PSPICE program on the computer and simulate circuits Calculate voltage and current across the circuit at different points 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PSPICE (Simulation program with Integrated circuit emphasis) computer program 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Place the resistor, voltage source, grounding source on the page Complete the circuit by connecting all the elements with a connecting wire Check for a red dot on the connecting spots Current and voltage probes were placed on the necessary place to measure voltage/current Run the program in order to produce the graph with results of the circuit Add 3 resistors 100 ohm, 300 ohm, and 200 ohm in series and a voltage source 6 V Find the current through the circuit Replace the circuit by 2 resistors 200 ohm and300 ohm in parallel such that the current through them is 60 mA and 80 mA respectively Find the voltage across each resistor and entire circuit Replace the circuit by a diode whose threshold voltage by 0.7 V, a resistor of 1k ohm, and a source voltage of 1.7 V and then 0.3 V Find the current across the diode and resistor, and voltage drop across the diode Replace the circuit by a diode of threshold voltage 0.7 V, two resistors 1k ohm in parallel, and a resistor 1k ohm in series with the parallel resistors Find the current through the circuit RESULTS This program was fairly simple to Fairly simple to use and operate use since the group had already done circuits Problems that arose were how to use the program and where to place the probes. PowerPoints were helpful in understanding Problem on how to use the program PSPICE Helped the group understand more complicated circuits Helped understan d complicat ed circuits PowerPoi nts were helpful MATLAB •MATLAB was used to solve for functions function I=FastTrap(f, a, b, n) % Same as the previous Trapezoidal function example, but using more% efficient MATLAB vectorized operations. h=(b-a)/n; % Increment values=feval(f, a); % Starting value in=1:n-1; xpoints=a+in*h; % Defining the xpointsypoints=feval(vectorize(f),xpoints); % Get corresponding ypointssig=2*sum(ypoints); % Summing up values in ypoints, and mult. by 2s=s+sig+feval(f,b); % Evaluating last termI=s*h/2; function I=trapz(f,a,b,n)h =(b-a)/n;s = feval(f,a); for i=1:n-1 x(i)=a+i*h; s=s+2 * feval(f,x(i));ends=s+feval(f,b);I=s*h/2; Varx = input('What is the first number?');Vary = input('What is the second number?');Varz = input('What is the third number?'); Vargroup5= group5(Varx, Vary, Varz) % num2str converts a number to a string. function w=group5(x,y,z) w=(x+y+z)/3; function I=trapz(f,a,b,n)h =(b-a)/n;s = feval(f,a); for i=1:n-1 x(i)=a+i*h; s=s+2 * feval(f,x(i));ends=s+feval(f,b);I=s*h/2; fon=inline('log'); a=exp(1); % Starting point.b=2*a; % Ending point.n=10000; % Number of intervals. tic % Start counter.OutValue1=trapz(fon, a, b, n) % Calling Trapezoidal function.toc tic % Start counter.OutValue2=FastTrap(fon, a, b, n) % Calling Trapezoidal function. Toc fon=inline('log'); a=exp(1); % Starting point.b=2*a; % Ending point.n=10000; % Number of intervals. tic % Start counter.OutValue1=trapz(fon, a, b, n) % Calling Trapezoidal function.toc tic % Start counter.OutValue2=FastTrap(fon, a, b, n) % Calling Trapezoidal function. Toc