Download Lecture 5: Morphology: word formation(1)

Morphology
Compounding
Definition
Morphology is a
b r a n c h o f
grammar which
studies the
internal structure
of words and the
rules by which
words are formed.
Morpheme:
It is the smallest
meaningful unit
of language.
Types of morphemes:
Free morphemes:
Free morphemes are the morphemes
which are free in the sense that they
are independent units of meaning and
can be used freely all by themselves.
Bound morphemes:
Bound morphemes are those that cannot
be used independently , but have to be
combined with other morphemes, either
free or bound, to form a word.
Word Formation
Compounding, Blending,
Backformation, Shortening
Compounding is a process
of word formation by
w h i c h t wo i n de pe n de nt
words are put together to
make one word. The word
f o r m e d i n t h is w a y i s
called compound
A. According to orthographic criterion,
compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid, such as bedtime
2)hyphenated, such as abovementioned
3) open, such as reading material
Phonologically, compounds can often
be identified as having a main stress on
the first element and a secondary stress
on the second element.
`old friends
/
`new friends
/
`pure scientists
/
Semantically, compounds can often
be identified as “ having a meaning
which may be related to but can not
simply be inferred from the meaning
of its parts.
A darkroom is not just a room that is
dark, rather a room used for
photographic processing.
1.
Noun Compounds
In politics:
a hot line: a telephone line
for swift communication in
emergencies between
Moscow and Washington.
(热线)
hard-liner: a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
In economics:
unit pricing: the pricing of a
commodity expressed per unit of
weight, volume,etc. (单价与兑价分标
法)
siege economics: extremely strict
economical measures
(极其严格的节约措施)
In military fields:
cruise missile: a low-flying
subsonic guided missile (巡航
导弹)
laser bomb: bomb
laser 激光导弹
guided
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机)
by
In science and technology:
black hole: a hypothetical
celestial region formed from a
collapsed star. (黑洞)
biological clock: inherent mechanism that
regulates cyclic physiological process in a
living organism.(生物钟)
strobe light: higher intensity flashing light
频闪放电管
In social life:
identity crisis: a state of psychological
confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy: the treatment of a group
of patients in regular sessions where
problems are shared in group discussion:
小组疗法
encounter group: a group of
people who meet to develop
understanding of others by
honest exchange of feelings,
opinions, etc.交朋友小组
answering service: a commercial
service that answers telephone
calls for its clients.营利性的
代客接听电话的服务处
shield law: a law that
pretexts journalists from
forced
disclosure
of
confidential news sources.
新闻来源保障法
demand scheduling: flight
scheduling on the part an
airline according to the
specific demand of a
passenger.
按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程.
silence vow: a vow to keep
silence about something secret
保守秘密誓词
The analysis of the noun
compound structures:
1. subject + predicate:
heartbeat:
The
heart
beats.
revolving door: the door
that revolves
2. predicate + object:
pickpocket: to pick the pocket
housekeeping: to keep the house
3. Verb + adverbial:
There are five kinds in this
type:
a) a prepositional phrase used as
an adverbial
(a)The adverbial relation of place:
diving board: diving from the board
living room: live in a room
waiting room: wait in a room
(b)The instrumental relation of an
adverbial:
sewing machine: sew with a machine
walking stick: walk with a machine
4. subject + object:
steamboat: The steam powers
the boat.
honey bee: The bee produces
honey
5. appositive:
a peasant girl: a girl
who is a peasant
2. Compound Adjectives:
1) the compound adjectives coming
from adverbials:
a:
b:
c:
an off-the-cuff opinion
临时想起的意见
round-the-clock discussion
连续24小时的讨论会
on-the-spot observation
d:
the ahead-ofschedule general
election
提前举行的大选
e:
an off-camera
announcer
影屏外的播音员
f: the first onscene attempt to
detect life on Mars
实景考察
2) the compound adjectives coming
from the phrasal verbs:
a: a back-up generator
备用发电机
b: a stand-up collar
竖领
c: a walk-in closet
人可以走进去的大壁橱
d: a see-through shirt
透明的衬衫
3) the compound adjectives coming
from infinitive phrases:
a: take-home pay
b: a cross-border
raid
c: a keep-fit
class（保健班）
4) compound adjectives coming
from the compressed attributive
clauses:
a: an easy-to-paint portrait
b: a difficult-to-operate
machine
c: hard-to-get-at volumes
d: a can't-be-put-down book
e: a never-to-be-forgotten
event
f: his higher-than-average
wages
The women have
outgrown the jumpingonto-the-chair-at -thesight-of -a-mouse era.
3: Compound Verbs:
1)
The common way to form •a
compound verb is by means of
back
-formation.
The
backformation is a process of word
formation by which •a word is
created by dropping the supposed
or imagined affixes:
a: mass-produce: from mass
production
b: window-dress: from windowdressing布置橱窗
c: proof-read: from proof-reader
d:
air-condition:
conditioning
from
air-
e: edit: from editor
f: automate; automation
g: gloom: from goomy
h: greed: from greedy
I: to window-shop: from window-shopping:
look at displays of goods in
store
windows without entering the stores to
buy anything.
j: baby-sit: from
baby-sitting: care
for children,
usually during a
short absence of
the parents.
2) A compound verb can also be
formed by means of analogy:
a: chaindrink: from
chain-smoke
b: bottle-feed:
feed from a
bottle. from
breast -•feed :
feed from •a
mother's breast
From the stylistic point of view:
1. usu. used as colloquialisms:
e.g. a: Don't nit-pick with me.
( find fault with me )
b: He sweet-talked her into
not being so sore.
( coax by flattery )
2. usu. used in news reports:
e.g. After leaving Washington he
job-hopped, serving briefly as
operating vice-president of the
bank.
(job-hop: change jobs frequently)
3. in advertisements:
hand-wash: to wash
by hand
cold
rinse:
to
rinse in the cold
water
warm iron: to iron
with moderate heat
Line dry （一晾就干）
drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）
From the viewpoint of
communicative function and
communicative value:
1) humorous:
e.g.
Leave all that out and
remember
only
that
Hugh
Hefiner
is
a
man
who
chain-drinks Pepsis.
2) terse:
a:
Cans are flash-cooked for six
seconds rather than sterilised for 60
minutes.
( flash-cook: to cook by a very
short exposure to intense heat )
b: So far I have press-shown 18 films.
( press-show: show to the press
before public presentation )
3) vivid and impressive
e.g.
He announced a series of
surprise summit meetings that
will have him jet-hopping from
island to island.
( jet-hop: travel from place to
place by jetcraft )
Blending
Blending is a process of
word formation by which a
word is created by combining
parts of other words. Words
formed in this way are
called
blends.
From
morphological
viewpoints,
there are four types of
blending:
1. The first part of the first
word + the last part of the
second word:
botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客
旅馆
smaze: smoke + haze 烟霾
advertistics: advertising +
statistics 广告统计学
autocide: automobile + suicide
撞车自杀
altiport: altitude + airport
高山短距起落机场
ballute: balloon + parachute
减速汽球
chunnel: channel + tunnel
海峡隧道
lunacast: lunar + telecast
登月电视广播
2. the whole part of the first
word + last part of the second
word:
carbecue: car + barbecue
一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆
的熔车装置
jazzotheque: jazz + discotheque
爵士音乐夜总会
lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut
登月宇宙航行员
Nixonomics: Nixon + economics
尼克松的经济政策
workfare : work + welfare
工作福利
3. the whole form of the second
word + the first part of the
first word:
helipad: helicopter + pad
直升飞机升降场
medicaid: medical + aid
美国的医疗补助方案
medicare: medical + care
医疗照顾方案
Eurasian: Europe + Asian
欧亚混血儿
motown: motor + town
汽车城
4. the first part of the first
word + the first part of the
second word:
psywar: psychological + warfare
心里战
Amerind: American + Indian
美洲印第安人
memcon: memorandum + conversation
谈话记录
sitcom: situation + comedy
情景喜剧
comint: communications + intelligence
通讯情报
humint: human + intelligence
间谍情报
comsat: communications + satellite
通讯卫星
The words formed in this way are
often regarded as nonce words.
However , some words have been
accepted into standard English
such as brunch,• smog, motel.
It seems in scientific •fields,• this
process of word formation is
especially useful in •lexicalizing •a
scientific concept:
telex: teleprinter + exchange
用户直通电报
pulsar: pulse + quasar 脉冲星
skylab: sky + laboratory
空中实验室
biorhythm:
biological + rhythm
生理节奏
mascon:
mass + concentration
质量密集
Some of the blends are especially
effective in certain contexts:
e.g A longtime Nixon backer, he
assumes a dawk stance on the
problem.
dawk: dove + hawk
介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物
e.g. The whole area have been
turned into one huge autopia.
autopia: auto + utopia
轿车适宜行驶的地区
Backformation
Backformation is a process of
word formation by which a word
is formed by deleting the
s u p p o s e d a f f i x e s :
1. From nouns
a: peddle: from
peddler
b: burgle: from
burglar
c: beg: from
beggar
d: orate: from
orator
e:
f:
g:
h:
auth: from author
emote: from emotion
caretake: from caretaker
free-associate: from
free-association
i: enthuse: from enthusiasm
2. From adjectives
a:
b:
c:
d:
peeve: from peevish
gloom: from gloomy
frivol: from frivolous
cose or coze: from cosy
e: laze: from lazy
f: greed: from greedy
g: grue: from gruesome
3. By
prefix
dropping
the
supposed
a: flappable: from unflappable
易惊慌的
b: ept: from inept
Shortening ( Abbreviation )
1. Clipped
words
1) to clip the
front part of
a word
a: phone:
from
telephone
b: varsity:
from
university
c: chute:
from
parachute
2) to clip the back part of a
word
a: ad: advertisement
b: exam: examination
c: mod: modern
d: pro: professional
e: demo: demonstration
f: exp.: exposition
g: memo: memorandum
h: lib: liberation
3) to clip both the front and
the back parts of a word
a: flu: influenza
b: Tec: detective
c: fridge: refrigerator
4） Phrase clippings:
pub: public house
pop-singer: popular song singer
lube: lubricating oil
Initialises:
Initialisms are words formed by the
initial letters of words and
pronounced as letters:
C.O.D: cash on delivery
EEC: European
Community
FBI: Federal
Investigation
Economic
Bureau
of
e.g.: exempli gratia: for
example
Acronyms:
Acronyms are words formed by
the initial letters of words
and pronounced as words:
OPEC: Organisation
Export Countries
of
Petroleum
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation