Download Sentences are of four kinds

Spoken English
Lesson 1 a
Language Training
When we speak or write we use words.
A group of words that makes
complete sense is called a Sentence
Kinds of Sentences
Sentences are of four kinds:
1. Those which make statements or assertions; as,
a) Mallika is sitting on the chair
2. Those which ask questions; as
a) What is your name?
3. Those which express commands, requests, or entreaties; as,
a) Be attentive.
b) Have mercy on us.
4. Those which express strong feelings; as,
a) How cold the night is!
b) How green was my valley!
c) What a disgrace!
• A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a
Declarative or Assertive sentence. Also known as an
Affirmative sentence
• A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative
sentence.
• A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called
an Imperative sentence.
• A sentence that expresses a strong feeling is called an
Exclamatory sentence.
Subject and Predicate
When we make a sentence:
– We name some person or thing and
– Say something about that person or thing.
Hence every sentence has two parts:
– The part which names the person or thing we are speaking
about. This is called the Subject of the sentence.
– The part which tells something about the Subject. This is
called the Predicate of the sentence.
Exercise 1
Identify the Subject and the Predicate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Stone walls do not a prison make.
The singing of the birds delights us.
He has a good memory.
Borrowed garments never fit well.
I shot an arrow into the air.
A barking sound the shepherd hears.
On the top of the hill lives a hermit.
Nature is the best physician.
Sweet are the uses of adversity.
The early bird catches the worm.
Parts of Speech
Words are divided into different classes, called Parts of Speech,
according to their function in a sentence. There are eight parts
of speech:
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Pronoun
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
Noun
A Noun is a word used as the name of a
person, place, or thing.
– Newton was a great physicist
– Delhi is the capital of India
– The sun shines bright.
– His courage won him honor
Adjective
An Adjective is a word used to add something
to the meaning of a noun. It qualifies a noun.
– He is a kind man.
– There are twelve months in a year
Pronoun
• A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
– Rita couldn’t come as she is out of station
– Keep the book where it was
Verb
A Verb is a word used lo express an action or
state.
– The child ran to his mother
– Puri is by the sea
– Water and air are essential for life
Adverb
An Adverb is a word used to add something to
the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
– He walked to the dais quickly
– This dress is very pretty
– She pronounced the word quite correctly
Preposition
A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a
pronoun to show how the person or thing
denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in
relation to something else.
– There is a cow in the garden
– The girl is fond of music
– A cute little girl is sitting under a tree
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or
sentences.
– Sonam and Dipak are friends
– You and I will go together
– She ran fast but could not catch the thief
Interjection
An Interjection is a word which expresses
some sudden feeling.
– Hurrah! We have won the game
– Alas! She is dead
Kinds of Noun
• Proper Noun
– Arunachalam
– Bhopal
• Common Noun
– Man
– City
Common Nouns include what are called Collective Nouns and
Abstract Nouns
Kinds of Noun…
• Collective Noun
– Family
– Nation
– Bunch
• Abstract Noun
– Laughter (action)
– Honesty (quality)
– Youth (state)
The names of the Arts and the Sciences (e.g., grammar, music, chemistry, etc.)
are also Abstract Nouns
Abstract Nouns are formed from adjectives, verbs and common nouns
Kinds of Noun…
• Another classification of nouns is based on whether
they are countable or uncountable.
• Countable Nouns
– Countable nouns (or countables) are the names of objects,
people, etc. that we can count, e.g., book, pen, apple,
sister, doctor, horse.
• Uncountable Nouns
– Uncountable nouns (or uncountables) are the names of
things which we cannot count, e.g., milk, oil, sugar,
honesty.
Countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not. For
example, we say “books” but we cannot say “milks”.
The Noun: Gender
In Modern English the Gender of a noun is entirely a
matter of sex or the absence of sex. It has nothing to
do with the form of a noun
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Masculine Gender- Tiger
Feminine Gender - Tigress
Common Gender - Baby
Neuter Gender – Pen
The Noun - Number
• A Noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to
be in the Singular Number.
– Boy, girl, box, child, mango, photo, mouse.
• A Noun that denotes more than one person or thing,
is said to be in the Plural Number.
– Boys, girls, boxes, children, mangoes, photos, mice.
The Noun - Case
• When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the subject of a
verb, it is said to be in the Nominative Case
The boy caught the ball
• When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the Object of a
verb, it is said to be in the Objective (or Accusative)
Case.
The boy caught the ball
The Noun – Case…
• The noun or pronoun that denotes ownership
/authorship/ origin/ kind is said to be in the
possessive (or Genitive) Case
Miriam’s book
Jack Trout’s essay
Mother’s love
Children’s school
The Noun in Apposition
• When one noun follows another to describe it,
the noun which follows is said to be in
apposition to the noun which comes before it.
Bala Saraswati, the great dancer, was from a
Devdasi family
I met your mother, the renowned teacher
Have you seen Ganesh Pyne, the painter’s
works?
Exercises