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LANGUAGE FLASH
CARDS
REGULAR, IRREGULAR,
COMPOUND,
COLLECTIVE
NOUN FORMS
REGULAR NOUNS

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The regular way to form a plural noun is
to add an s (dogs, horses). The plural of
some nouns is formed by adding an es
(buses, foxes). Also, drop the y, add i
and es. Musical terms do not end in es
(pianos, silos, altos, sopranos, etc.)
Some nouns are the same in the singular
and plural (sheep, trout, deer, salmon)
IRREGULAR NOUNS
Undergoes
a spelling
change (woman –
women; goose –
geese)
COMPOUND NOUNS
Written as one word and is formed
by adding s or es (cupfuls,
strongboxes)
 The plural of compound nouns
consisting of a noun plus a modifier
is formed by making the modified
noun plural: sisters-in-law; editors
in chief

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

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Name a group.
Examples: jury, swarm, staff, team,
band, troop, herd, etc.
May be either singular or plural
depending upon the meaning in the
sentence ( will discuss more with S-V
agreement)
REGULAR AND
IRREGULAR
VERB FORMS
REGULAR VERBS
One
that forms its past
and past participle by
adding d or ed (walk –
walked; ease – eased)
IRREGULAR VERBS
 One
that forms its past and
past participle in some other
way than the regular verb (
drink, drank, have drunk;
catch, caught, have caught)
Singular subjects must AGREE
with singular verbs. Plural
subjects must AGREE with
plural verbs.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Click for Definition
NUMBER
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A verb must agree with its subject in
number (singular – one, plural – more
than one)
The number of the subject is not
changed by intervening phrases or
clauses (FLUFF)
SINGULAR PRONOUNS
 Each,
either, neither, one,
everyone, no one, nobody,
anyone, anybody, someone,
somebody, everybody, much
Neither is in the classroom.
PLURAL PRONOUNS

Several, few, both, many, others
Many are becoming endangered.
SINGULAR OR PLURAL PRONOUNS

Some, any, none, all, most may be
either singular or plural depending
on the meaning of the sentence.
(LOOK AT THE OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION!)
OTHER RULES TO REMEMBER
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Singular subjects joined by or or nor generally
take a singular verb.
When a singular subject and a plural subject are
joined by or or nor, the verb agrees in number
with the second one.
Be careful with inverted word order (verb comes
first).
Nouns of amount are generally singular.
A pronoun must agree with its
antecedent in two ways: number
and gender.
ANTECEDENT: What the
pronouns refers to.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
NUMBER – SINGULAR OR
PLURAL
GENDER - MASCULINE, FEMININE,
or NEUTER
 Refer to singular and plural
pronouns already discussed.

Do not shift needlessly from
one tense to another.
(present participle, past, past
participle)
SHIFTS IN TENSE
3 cases of personal pronouns:
Nominative (subject, PN)
Objective (DO, IO, OP)
Possessive (shows ownership;
never spelled with an
apostrophe)
PRONOUN CASE
HINTS WITH PRONOUNS


Drop the noun and leave the pronoun
(Tammy and I were studying.)
Say pronouns separately
(She, Her) and (I, me) are going to the
movies.
ACTIVE – when the subject
does the action
PASSIVE – when the action is
performed on the subject
EFFECTIVE USE OF
VOICE
HINTS WITH VOICE
 Passive
voice USUALLY has
 Passive
voice will often have
was or were
by
Describes or limits the meaning
of another word.
MODIFIERS
DANGLING MODIFIERS


When there is no word that the phrase or
clause can modify.
Example: Eating my dinner quietly, the
explosion made me jump. (There needs
to be a noun or pronoun for the modifier
to describe.) CORRECT: Eating my
dinner, I jumped when I heard the
explosion.
MISSPLACED MODIFIER
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
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The modifier describes the wrong word in
the sentence.
EXAMPLE: The photographer, soaring
over the cliff, took a picture of the eagle.
CORRECT: The photographer took a
picture of the eagle soaring over the cliff.
Learn to appropriately use
words that sound or look alike.
(A list will be given.)
COMMONLY CONFUSED
WORDS
Words that create clarity,
precision, and vivid
description.
APPROPRIATE WORD
CHOICE
TERMS WITH WORD CHOICE
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CLARITY - clear
PRECISION - to the point;
measurements; amounts, etc.
VIVID DESCRIPTION - details; uses
imagery
REDUNDANCY - repetitive wording
FORMAL LANGUAGE: does not include the use of
slang, contractions, 2nd person pronouns, and
jargon; used in reports, textbooks, research papers
INFORMAL LANGUAGE: includes the previous
items; used in conversations with friends and in
friendly letters
FORMAL AND INFORMAL
LANGUAGE
RUN-ON sentence: When two sentences are not
separated at all
SENTENCE FRAGMENT: part of a sentence; it
does not express a complete thought with a subject
and verb
COMMA SPLICE: When two sentences are
separated by a comma
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
PARALLEL STRUCTURE: Use the
same grammatical form
EXAMPLE: I enjoy reading and to
exercise. CORRECT: I enjoy reading
and exercising.
INTERNAL PARALLELISM
Capitalize proper nouns and proper
adjectives.
Capitalize titles.
A direct quote begins with a capital
letter.
CORRECT USE OF
CAPITALIZATION
Use commas to separate items in a series.
Words used in direct address are set off by
commas.
Use a comma before and, but, or, nor, for, yet
when they join independent clauses.
Use commas to set off nonessential elements.
Use commas with direct quotations.
CORRECT USE OF COMMAS
Use a semicolon between independent clauses
not joined by and, but, for, or, nor, yet.
Use a semicolon between independent clauses
joined by conjunctive adverbs.
Use a semicolon between items in a series if
the items contain commas.
Use a colon before a list of items (but not after
a verb or preposition)
CORRECT USE OF
SEMICOLON AND COLON
Use quotation marks to enclose a direct
quotation.
Use quotation marks to enclose titles of
chapters, articles, short poems, short stories,
and songs. (SMALL THINGS)
Use underlining for titles of books,
periodicals, newspapers, works of art, and
ships. (LARGE THINGS)
CORRECT USE OF
QUOTATION MARKS AND
UNDERLINING
To form the possessive case of a singular noun,
add an apostrophe and s. (Helen’s dress)
To form the possessive case of a plural noun,
add only the apostrophe. (girls’ hats)
EXCEPTION: FOR SOME PLURAL
FORMS, ADD AN APOSTROPHE AND S.
(men’s hats)
Use an apostrophe to show where letters have
been omitted in a contraction. (we’ve)
CORRECT USE OF
APOSTROPHES
Paragraphs must contain: introduction
(capture the reader’s interest), body (ideas to
develop the paragraph) and conclusion (should
“round out” the treatment of the topic).
TRASITIONAL WORDS: link ideas together
is a paragraph; use them appropriately
LOGICAL PROGRESSION
AND COMPLETENESS OF
PARAGRAPHS
IF YOU KNOW THESE
STANDARDS AND
OBJECTIVES AND CAN
APPLY THEM, YOU WILL
BE SUCCESSFUL IN
PASSING THE AHSGE!