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THE SKI SHOP Debbie: Have you seen the ski shop that’s just opened in the High Street? Nicola: Yes, it opened last week, didn’t it? I haven’t been in there yet. Debbie: I went in yesterday. It’s really good. I brought some gloves. We’re going to Italy next winter, and I can buy clothes there. Nicola: I haven’t skied for ages actually. I’ve got some skis – I’ve had them for years. I used to ski a lot when I was younger. Debbie: Where did you go? Nicola: We went to Austria a few times. Debbie: I’ve been to Scotland twice, but I’ve never done any skiing abroad. I’m really looking forward to Italy. WHAT DO YOU NEED THE PRESENT PERFECT FOR? • to CONNECT past and present situations. The Present Perfect Tense • Like a bridge between the past and the present. Past Present I arrived in Istanbul in 2000. It is 2010. Present Perfect I have lived in Istanbul for ten years. I have lived in Istanbul since 2000. To form the present perfect: HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE Question Statement I You We They She He It Negative have (‘ve) gone has (‘s) gone I You We They She He It I have not (haven’t) gone Have has not (hasn’t) gone Has You We gone? They She He it gone? Use of the present perfect WHEN DO WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT? Traditionally, the present perfect is described as referring to indefinite time, that is, to events or actions that start in the past and extend into the present and even possibly into the future. The present perfect is generally presented in contrast to the simple past, which describes events that are over and completed. The present perfect tells us about the past and about the present. We use it for an action in the period leading up to the present. The shop has just opened. The post hasn’t come yet. Have you ever ridden a horse? The visitors have arrived. We can also use the present perfect for repeated actions. Debbie has been to Scotland twice. We’ve often talked about emigrating. I’ve ridden lots of times. We can also use the present perfect for states. I’ve had these skis for years. The shop has been open a week. I’ve always known about you and Diana. Some typical time expressions with the present perfect are just, recently, lately, already, before, so far, still, ever/never, today, this morning/ evening, for weeks/ years, since 1988. Some of these are also used with the past simple. The adverbs are frequently used in the present perfect: Yet Already Just Ever/ never Recently/lately The train hasn’t arrived in Istanbul yet They’ve already visited Ayers Rock I’ve just seen a very original advertisement Have you ever seen a kangaroo? Alan has recently written an article on that very subject. The present perfect is used to express continuative or durative time, that is, to describe an event or action that occurs over a period of time. This is stable time. The present perfect often co-occurs with such expressions of time as for and since. How long have you owned this car? I have owned this car since 2008. I have owned this car for two years. He has loved her since the day he first saw her. He has loved her for five years. PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE • The shop has just opened. • The shop opened last week. STATE: • • • • I’ve had these skis for years. I had those skis for years. (Then I sold them.) I’ve been here since three o’clock. I was there from three o’clock to about five. (Then I left.) • Compare the past simple for an action: • I bought these skis years ago. • I arrived here at three o’clock REPEATED ACTIONS: • Gayle has acted in more than fifty films. (Her career has continued up to now.) • Gayle acted in more than fifty films. (She is dead, or her career is over.) Look at this news report. There has been a serious accident on the M6. It happened at ten o’clock this morning near Preston when a lorry went out of control and collided with a car… The present perfect is used to give the fact of the accident and the past simple for details such as when and how it happened. We often use the present perfect to first mention a topic and the past simple for the details. ADVERB PRESENT PERFECT ADVERB SIMPLE PAST Today I haven’t seen him for today. Today I saw him at school today. This week It has rained three times this week. Yesterday In my life I have done some silly things in my life. I broke my arm yesterday. Last week So far We have won every race so far. It rained three times last week. Until now He has read five novels until now. Ago He went to Istanbul three days ago. Recently Three shows have been cancelled recently. Lately I haven’t been to the theatre lately. Recently Since I have lived in Ankara since 1985. Three shows were cancelled recently. For I have lived in Ankara for ten years now. for Just She has just arrived I lived in Tarsus for two years-from 1993 to 1995 Already He has already submitted his project. I haven’t had lunch yet. GOING INTO HOSPITAL Mrs. Webster: I shall have to go into hospital some time to have an operation on my leg. Ted: Are you on the waiting list? Mrs. Webster: yes, I’ve been waiting for three years. Ted: Three years! That’s awful! You’ve been suffering all that time. Mrs. Webster: Well, I have to use the wheelchair, that’s all. Ted: they've been cutting expenditure, trying to save money. It’s not right. Mrs. Webster: My son David has written to them three times. He’s been trying to get me in quicker. I don’t know if it’ll do any good. WHAT DO YOU NEED THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS FOR? • To show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. To form the present perfect continuous: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + DOING POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION I/WE/ YOU/THE Y I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking? HE/SHE/ IT He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking? Use of the present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous for an action over a period of time up to now, the period leading up to the present. • I’ve been waiting for three years. • The government has been cutting expenditure. • How long have you been using a wheelchair? • The roof has been leaking. The carpet’s wet. We can use the present perfect continuous for repeated actions up to now. • Adam has been writing letters to the hospital. • They’ve been going to evening classes in Arabic. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Completion: This country has welcomed several hundred refugees from Kosovo in the last few weeks. Continuation: This country has been welcoming political refugees for many years. Repeated action: She has played with the Symphony orchestra three times this season. Duration: She has been playing with the Symphony orchestra all season. Permanent situation: People have eaten a lot less meat over the last twenty years or so. Temporary situation: People have been eating less meat recently because of the crisis. Focus on present results: I’ ve done the accounts- here they are. Focus on the activity: I’ve been doing my accounts all afternoon. WHEN IS IT USED The future perfect is used to refer to events or actions in the future that will take place before another future point in time. By, by the time, when and before phrases are often found with the future perfect. We don't want to spend all day in the museum. I think we'll have seen enough by lunch-time. Won’t they have completed the new road by next year? I will have finished my homework by the time my mother comes back. By the time I get to the age of fifty, I will have visited all the countries. The child will have gone to bed when he finishes his homework. We will have done half the journey when we stop for lunch. The mouse will have escaped from the kitchen before the cat comes. Profiteers will have made lots of money before political conflicts in the country end. FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Subject Auxiliary verb Auxiliary Main verb verb + I will have finished it by 10am. + You will have forgotten me by then. - She will not have gone - We will not have left. ? Will you have arrived? ? Will they have received to school. it? AND…It is possible to use either “will” or “be going to” to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning. You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. REMEMBER The Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. You will have noticed how complicated the subject is when the lesson is over. If we don’t stop him, he will have eaten and drunk everything. PASSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V3 They will have completed the project before the deadline. ACTIVE The project will have been completed before the deadline. PASSIVE Adverbs such as in a week, in ten days, in three years are often used with the future perfect tense. She will have graduated from university in two years. They will have completed the construction in three weeks. He will not have finished eating in five minutes. They will not have gone to Ankara from Edirne in six hours time. Julia will have moved to the new house in ten days. The number of poor people will have increased in a few years all around the world. WHERE WE USE THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1. Completed Action Before Something in the Future The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. * By next November, I will have received my promotion. * Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? * By the time he is twenty-two, he’ll have taken his degree. * Sarah won't have completed her studies until she's twenty-five. * Won’t you have painted your room by Friday? * Tom will have finished his exercises by the time of the exam. * The children will have eaten the cakes by the time you bring the tea. 2. Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-continuous Verbs) With non-continuous verbs , we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future. * I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. * By Monday, Susan will have had my book for a week. Although the use of Future Perfect is sometimes limited to non-continuous verbs, the words “live”, “work” , “teach” and “study” can be used in this way even though they aren’t non-continuous verbs. 3. The Future Perfect Tense can sometimes tell probability or assumption. In this case, this tense doesn’t show future meaning. It’s 9 o’clock. My daughter will have come back from the party. Certainly she will have received a good mark. The plane won’t have arrived yet. The match won’t have started yet. The Future Perfect Tense doesn’t show specific day or time when the action will be done !!! FOR EXAMPLE; Clara will have done her homework by Friday night. We will have learnt English by June. Julia will have come here by five o’clock. WHEN IS IT USED The Future Perfect Continuous is used to express the action which started in the past and will continue in the future or we use this tense to express the action which will start in the future and will continue in the future. Because the future perfect continuous shows duration of an event or action, it is often used with expressions that begin with for . By the time Sally finishes her dissertation, she will have been working on it for seven years. Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working for three hours by the time my last lesson is over. By the next elections, this government will have been running the country for four years. FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb Auxiliary Main verb verb + I will have been working for four hours. + You will have been travelling for two days. - She will not have been using the car. - We will not have been waiting long. ? Will you have been playing football? ? Will they have been watching TV? TIMELINE OF EVENTS ABOUT THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1947 People began watching TV. TODAY 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 >------------------People watch TV--------------- By the year 2017, people will have been watching TV for 70 years. AND… It is possible to use either “will” or “be going to” to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Ankara. DON’T FORGET The Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. NOT CORRECT You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. CORRECT PASSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE WILL + HAVE + BEEN + BEING + V3 The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE Pay attention to the usage of “by the time” with the verb “be”. Normally, when we use “by the time” in the subordinate clause, we use Future Perfect in the main clause. By the time he retires from his job, he will have been in this city for twenty years. By the time we come back from holiday, they will have been married for a month. WHERE WE USE THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Duration Before Something in the Future We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. * They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Tom arrives. * James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. * How long will you have been studying when you graduate? * A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long. 2. Cause of Something in the Future Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect . *Jennifer will be tired when she gets home because she will have been jogging for over an hour. * Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she will have been studying English in the United States for over two years. SHARED USAGE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT AND THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS We use the future perfect and the future perfect continuous with the simple present to show the order of events. The event that will take place first uses the perfect. By the time she gets home, we will have finished playing football. SECOND ACTION FIRST ACTION When my uncle phones me, I will have been cooking. SECOND ACTION FIRST ACTION ON THE CONTRARY TO THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE; The Future Perfect Continuous Tense cannot be used with non-continuous verbs. Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct SOME EXAMPLES ABOUT CONTINUOUS VERBS Cook Dance Dig Drive Learn Lie Live Make Play Rain Run Sit Study Teach Travel Wait Watch Work QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE PERFECT AND THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Situation: Doctors began using morphine in the 1860s. Question: By 2011, how long will doctors have been using morphine? 2. Situation: I became a computer programmer in 1997. I am still a computer programmer. Question: In 2050, how long will I have been a computer programmer? 3. Situation: I lent Jimmy $20 on Tuesday, and he said that he was going to return the money on Thursday. Today is Saturday. Question: By tomorrow, how long will Jimmy have owed me money?