Download The Present Perfect

THE SKI SHOP
Debbie: Have you seen the ski shop that’s just opened in the
High Street?
Nicola: Yes, it opened last week, didn’t it? I haven’t been in
there yet.
Debbie: I went in yesterday. It’s really good. I brought some
gloves. We’re going to Italy next winter, and I can buy clothes
there.
Nicola: I haven’t skied for ages actually. I’ve got some skis –
I’ve had them for years. I used to ski a lot when I was
younger.
Debbie: Where did you go?
Nicola: We went to Austria a few times.
Debbie: I’ve been to Scotland twice, but I’ve never done any
skiing abroad. I’m really looking forward to Italy.
WHAT DO YOU NEED THE PRESENT
PERFECT FOR?
• to CONNECT past and present
situations.
The Present Perfect Tense
• Like a bridge between the past and the
present.
Past
Present
I arrived in Istanbul in
2000.
It is 2010.
Present Perfect
I have lived in Istanbul
for ten years.
I have lived in Istanbul
since 2000.
To form the present perfect:
HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE
Question
Statement
I
You
We
They
She
He
It
Negative
have
(‘ve)
gone
has
(‘s)
gone
I
You
We
They
She
He
It
I
have not
(haven’t)
gone
Have
has not
(hasn’t)
gone
Has
You
We
gone?
They
She
He
it
gone?
Use of the present perfect
WHEN DO WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT?
Traditionally, the present perfect is described
as referring to indefinite time, that is, to
events or actions that start in the past and
extend into the present and even possibly
into the future. The present perfect is
generally presented in contrast to the simple
past, which describes events that are over
and completed.
The present perfect tells us about the past
and about the present. We use it for an
action in the period leading up to the present.
The shop has just opened.
The post hasn’t come yet.
Have you ever ridden a horse?
The visitors have arrived.
We can also use the present perfect for
repeated actions.
Debbie has been to Scotland twice.
We’ve often talked about emigrating.
I’ve ridden lots of times.
We can also use the present perfect for
states.
I’ve had these skis for years.
The shop has been open a week.
I’ve always known about you and Diana.
Some typical time expressions with the present
perfect are just, recently, lately, already,
before, so far, still, ever/never, today, this
morning/ evening, for weeks/ years, since
1988. Some of these are also used with the
past simple.
The adverbs are frequently used in
the present perfect:
Yet
Already
Just
Ever/ never
Recently/lately
The train hasn’t arrived
in Istanbul yet
They’ve already
visited Ayers Rock
I’ve just seen a
very original
advertisement
Have you ever seen a kangaroo?
Alan has recently written an article
on that very subject.
The present perfect is used to express
continuative or durative time, that is, to
describe an event or action that occurs over
a period of time. This is stable time. The
present perfect often co-occurs with such
expressions of time as for and since.
How long have you owned this
car?
I have owned this car since 2008.
I have owned this car for two
years.
He has loved her since the
day he first saw her.
He has loved her for five
years.
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE
• The shop has just opened.
• The shop opened last week.
STATE:
•
•
•
•
I’ve had these skis for years.
I had those skis for years. (Then I sold them.)
I’ve been here since three o’clock.
I was there from three o’clock to about five. (Then I
left.)
• Compare the past simple for an action:
• I bought these skis years ago.
• I arrived here at three o’clock
REPEATED ACTIONS:
• Gayle has acted in more than fifty films. (Her
career has continued up to now.)
• Gayle acted in more than fifty films. (She is
dead, or her career is over.)
Look at this news report.
There has been a serious accident on the M6. It
happened at ten o’clock this morning near Preston
when a lorry went out of control and collided with
a car…
The present perfect is used to give the fact of
the accident and the past simple for details
such as when and how it happened. We often
use the present perfect to first mention a
topic and the past simple for the details.
ADVERB
PRESENT PERFECT
ADVERB
SIMPLE PAST
Today
I haven’t seen him for
today.
Today
I saw him at school
today.
This week
It has rained three
times this week.
Yesterday
In my life
I have done some silly
things in my life.
I broke my arm
yesterday.
Last week
So far
We have won every race
so far.
It rained three times
last week.
Until now
He has read five novels
until now.
Ago
He went to Istanbul
three days ago.
Recently
Three shows have been
cancelled recently.
Lately
I haven’t been to the
theatre lately.
Recently
Since
I have lived in Ankara
since 1985.
Three shows were
cancelled recently.
For
I have lived in Ankara
for ten years now.
for
Just
She has just arrived
I lived in Tarsus for
two years-from 1993
to 1995
Already
He has already
submitted his project.
I haven’t had lunch yet.
GOING INTO HOSPITAL
Mrs. Webster: I shall have to go into hospital some time to
have an operation on my leg.
Ted: Are you on the waiting list?
Mrs. Webster: yes, I’ve been waiting for three years.
Ted: Three years! That’s awful! You’ve been suffering all
that time.
Mrs. Webster: Well, I have to use the wheelchair, that’s all.
Ted: they've been cutting expenditure, trying to save
money. It’s not right.
Mrs. Webster: My son David has written to them three times.
He’s been trying to get me in quicker. I don’t know if it’ll
do any good.
WHAT DO YOU NEED THE PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINIOUS FOR?
• To show that something started in the past
and has continued up until now.
To form the present perfect continuous:
HAVE/HAS + BEEN + DOING
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
QUESTION
I/WE/
YOU/THE
Y
I have been
speaking.
I have not
been
speaking.
Have I
been
speaking?
HE/SHE/
IT
He has been
speaking.
He has not
been
speaking.
Has he
been
speaking?
Use of the present perfect continuous
We use the present perfect continuous for an
action over a period of time up to now, the
period leading up to the present.
• I’ve been waiting for three years.
• The government has been cutting
expenditure.
• How long have you been using a wheelchair?
• The roof has been leaking. The carpet’s wet.
We can use the present perfect
continuous for repeated actions up to
now.
• Adam has been writing letters to the hospital.
• They’ve been going to evening classes in
Arabic.
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Completion:
This country has welcomed several
hundred refugees from Kosovo in the
last few weeks.
Continuation:
This country has been welcoming political
refugees for many years.
Repeated action:
She has played with the Symphony
orchestra three times this season.
Duration:
She has been playing with the Symphony
orchestra all season.
Permanent situation:
People have eaten a lot less meat over
the last twenty years or so.
Temporary situation:
People have been eating less meat recently
because of the crisis.
Focus on present results:
I’ ve done the accounts- here they are.
Focus on the activity:
I’ve been doing my accounts all afternoon.
WHEN IS IT USED
The future perfect is used to
refer to events or actions in the
future that will take place before
another future point in time.
By, by the time, when and before phrases
are often found with the future perfect.
 We don't want to spend all day in the museum. I think
we'll have seen enough by lunch-time.
 Won’t they have completed the new road by next year?
 I will have finished my homework by the time
my mother comes back.
 By the time I get to the age of fifty, I will have visited
all the countries.
The child will have gone to bed when he finishes
his homework.
We will have done half the journey when
we stop for lunch.
The mouse will have escaped from the kitchen before
the cat comes.
Profiteers will have made lots of money before
political conflicts in the country end.
FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Subject Auxiliary
verb
Auxiliary Main verb
verb
+
I
will
have
finished
it by 10am.
+
You
will
have
forgotten me by then.
-
She
will
not
have
gone
-
We
will
not
have
left.
?
Will
you
have
arrived?
?
Will
they
have
received
to school.
it?
AND…It
is possible to use either “will” or “be going to”
to create the Future Perfect with little or no
difference in meaning.
You are going to have
perfected your English
by the time you come
back from the U.S.
Sam is probably
going to have
completed the
proposal by the
time he leaves
this afternoon.
By the time he
gets home, she is
going to have
cleaned the
entire house.
REMEMBER
The Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses
beginning with time expressions such as: when, while,
before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.
 By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten
tests.
 You will have noticed how complicated the subject is
when the lesson is over.
 If we don’t stop him, he will have eaten and
drunk everything.
PASSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V3
They will have completed the project
before the deadline. ACTIVE
The project will have been completed
before the deadline. PASSIVE
Adverbs such as in a week, in ten days,
in three years are often used with the
future perfect tense.
 She will have graduated from university in two years.
 They will have completed the construction in three weeks.
 He will not have finished eating in five minutes.
 They will not have gone to Ankara from Edirne in six
hours time.
 Julia will have moved to the new house in ten days.
 The number of poor people will have increased in a
few years all around the world.
WHERE WE USE
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
1. Completed Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur
before another action in the future. It can also show that something will
happen before a specific time in the future.
* By next November, I will have received my promotion.
* Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she
moves to Beijing?
* By the time he is twenty-two, he’ll have taken his degree.
* Sarah won't have completed her studies until she's twenty-five.
* Won’t you have painted your room by Friday?
* Tom will have finished his exercises by the time of the exam.
* The children will have eaten the cakes by the time you bring the
tea.
2. Duration Before Something in the Future
(Non-continuous Verbs)
With non-continuous verbs , we use the Future Perfect to
show that something will continue up until another action in the future.
* I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
* By Monday, Susan will have had my book for a week.
Although the use of Future Perfect
is sometimes limited to non-continuous
verbs, the words “live”, “work” , “teach”
and “study” can be used in this way even
though they aren’t non-continuous verbs.
3. The Future Perfect Tense can sometimes tell
probability or assumption. In this case, this tense
doesn’t show future meaning.
 It’s 9 o’clock. My daughter will have come back



from the party.
Certainly she will have received a good mark.
The plane won’t have arrived yet.
The match won’t have started yet.
The Future Perfect Tense doesn’t
show specific day or time when the action
will be done !!!
FOR EXAMPLE;
 Clara will have done her homework by Friday night.
 We will have learnt English by June.
Julia will have come here by five o’clock.
WHEN IS IT USED
The Future Perfect Continuous is used
to express the action which started in the
past and will continue in the future or we
use this tense to express the action which
will start in the future and will continue in
the future.
Because the future perfect continuous
shows duration of an event or action, it is
often used with expressions that begin
with for .
 By the time Sally finishes her dissertation, she will
have been working on it for seven years.
 Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will
have been working for three hours by the time my last lesson
is over.
 By the next elections, this government will have been running
the country for four years.
FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Subject Auxiliary
verb
Auxiliary
verb
Auxiliary Main verb
verb
+
I
will
have
been
working
for four
hours.
+
You
will
have
been
travelling
for two
days.
-
She
will
not
have
been
using
the car.
-
We
will
not
have
been
waiting
long.
?
Will
you
have
been
playing
football?
?
Will
they
have
been
watching
TV?
TIMELINE OF EVENTS ABOUT
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1947
People began
watching TV.
TODAY
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
>------------------People watch TV---------------
By the year 2017, people will have been watching TV for 70 years.
AND… It is possible to use either “will” or “be going to”
to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or
no difference in meaning.
She is going to
have been
working at that
company for
three years when
it finally closes.
You are going to have
been waiting for more
than two hours when
her plane finally
arrives.
We are going to
have been driving
for over three
days straight
when we get to
Ankara.
DON’T FORGET
The Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in
clauses beginning with time expressions such as:
when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if,
unless, etc.
You won't get a promotion until you will have been working
here as long as Tim.
NOT CORRECT
You won't get a promotion until you have been working here
as long as Tim.
CORRECT
PASSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + BEING + V3
The famous artist will have been painting
the mural for over six months by the time it
is finished. ACTIVE
The mural will have been being painted
by the famous artist for over six months by
the time it is finished. PASSIVE
Pay attention to the usage of “by the time”
with the verb “be”.
Normally, when we use “by the time” in the
subordinate clause, we use Future Perfect in the
main clause.
By the time he retires from his job, he will
have been in this city for twenty years.
By the time we come back from holiday, they
will have been married for a month.
WHERE WE USE THE FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Duration Before Something in the Future
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that
something will continue up until a particular event or time in the
future.
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday"
are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect
Continuous.
* They will have been talking for over an hour by the time
Tom arrives.
* James will have been teaching at the university for more
than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
* How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
* A: When you finish your English course, will you have been
living in New Zealand for over a year?
B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
2. Cause of Something in the Future
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before
another action in the future is a good way to show
cause and effect .
*Jennifer will be tired when she gets home because she
will have been jogging for over an hour.
* Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to
Germany because she will have been studying English in the
United States for over two years.
SHARED USAGE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT
AND THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
We use the future perfect and the future
perfect continuous with the simple present to
show the order of events. The event that will take
place first uses the perfect.
 By the time she gets home, we will have
finished playing football.
SECOND ACTION
FIRST ACTION
When my uncle phones me, I will have been
cooking.
SECOND ACTION
FIRST ACTION
ON THE CONTRARY TO THE FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE;
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense cannot be
used with non-continuous verbs.
 Ned will have been having his driver's license for over
two years.
Not Correct
 Ned will have had his driver's license for over two
years.
Correct
SOME EXAMPLES ABOUT
CONTINUOUS VERBS
Cook
Dance
Dig
Drive
Learn
Lie
Live
Make
Play
Rain
Run
Sit
Study
Teach
Travel
Wait
Watch
Work
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE PERFECT AND
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Situation: Doctors began using morphine in the 1860s.
Question: By 2011, how long will doctors have been using
morphine?
2. Situation: I became a computer programmer in 1997.
I am still a computer programmer.
Question: In 2050, how long will I have been a computer
programmer?
3. Situation: I lent Jimmy $20 on Tuesday, and he said that he
was going to return the money on Thursday. Today is Saturday.
Question: By tomorrow, how long will Jimmy have owed me
money?