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English Grammar Verbs classification forms features practice 1 2 实义v. ---notional verb (连)系v. ---link verb 助v. --- auxiliary verb 情态v. ---modal verb 及物v. --- transitive verb (vt.) 不及物v.--- intransitive verb (vi.) 谓语v. --predicate verb 非谓语v.--non-predicate verb 规则v. --regular verb 不规则v. --irregular verb 终止性v. --terminative verb 持续性v. --durative verb 短语v. --phrasal verb auxiliary verb verb used with notional verbs to show tense, voice, or emphatic mood, and to form a question or negative statement; * meaningless itself; * can’t be used as V. alone Usage of aux. v. 1. to form negative V. I don’t like your hat. 2. to form a question Do you like my hat? Usage of aux. v. 3. to form inversion Never did I expect to see him. 4. to replace mentioned verb to avoid repetition Do you like English? Yes, I do. modal verb verb used with notional verbs to indicate speaker’s feelings and attitudes, i.e. to express possibility, permission, obligation, etc. modal verb *incomplete meaning; *can’t be used as V. alone; *must be followed by infinitive form of verb; *no person and number changes; *some have past tense can could may might must shall should will would need dare ought to Usage of modal v. 1. to indicate speaker’s tone and attitude 2. for subjunctive mood 虚拟语气 3. for speculation 推测 might, may, could, can, must 情v.+v.原→ 对现在状态或经常动作推测 情v.+be doing → 对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测 情v.+have done/have been doing → 对过去发生的事情进行推测 must的否定推测→can’t / couldn’t She must be studying in the classroom now. She must have been working then. She may/might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw her. You must be very tired, aren’t you? You must have seen the film, haven’t you? You must have seen the film last week, didn’t you? You must have known him before you wrote to him, hadn't you? It must have snowed last night, ________? didn’t it The old man must be our headmaster, ________? isn’t he Mary must have finished reading the novel now, ________? hasn’t she ☆各种虚拟句 ☆表示轻微责备or遗憾 情态v. (not) + have done “本应…(而实际却没…)” “本不该/必…(而实际却…)” was/were to + have (been) done “过去计划中要做某事,实际上没 做” 区别: “shouldn’t + have done” 表示过去本不该做的事情 实际上却做了 “needn’t + have done” 表示过去本不必做的事情 实际上却做了 They shouldn’t have left so early. You needn’t have bought it. You needn’t have come here yesterday. principal forms of verbs third-person singular form past form past participle (p.p.) present participle features * tense * voice * mood tense of verbs grammatical meaning classification sequence of tenses 现在 -present time 过去 -- past 将来 -- future 过去将来 -- past future manner 一般: indefinite 进行: continuous 完成: perfect 完成进行: perfect continuous 一般现在时 一般过去时 the present indefinite the past indefinite 一般将来时 the future indefinite 过去将来时 the past future indefinite 现在进行时 the present continuous 过去进行时 the past continuous 将来进行时 the future continuous 过去将来进行时 the past future continuous 现在完成时 the present perfect 过去完成时 the past perfect 将来完成时 the future perfect 过去将来完成时 the past future perfect 现在完成进行时 the present perfect continuous 过去完成进行时 the past perfect continuous 将来完成进行时 the future perfect continuous 过去将来完成进行时 the past future perfect continuous *She says she is a college student ~ she was a college student. ~ she will be a college student. * Has he told you when he will leave for Beijing?/left for~ ? * Will you tell me when you finished the work? * She told me she was a teacher. He said he was studying French. She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness. Betty said that she had been waiting for my call. He said that he would come back the next day. She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train. He told them that he would have finished by six o’clock. * He told me that he was born in 1959. My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917. * Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun. * I’ll be a singer when I grow up . If it is fine tomorrow, we’ll have a basketball match with Class Two. * voice of verbs grammatical meaning * classification * transformation * application * special structures * 1 unknown or unnecessary S. His car has been stolen. I was born in 1980. 2 emphasize action taker She is liked by everybody. English is spoken here by us. grammatical meaning a form of verbs indicating the relationship between the Subject and the Predicate classification active voice * passive voice: * be + p.p. (vt.) simple sentence 5 basic sentence patterns S. + vi. + … S. + V. + P. * S. + vt. + O. + … * S. + vt. + Oi. + Od. + … * S. + vt. + O. + O.C. + … transformation S. + vt. + O. + … →O. + be + v-ed + by + S. S. + vt. +Oi. +Od. +… S. +vt. + O. +O.C. +… We gave her some books. →She was given some books (by us). →Some books were given to her (by us). * We will make our country richer and stronger. →Our country will be made richer and stronger by us. * We elected him our monitor. →He was elected our monitor by us. * The boy asked the teacher to explain the sentence. * →The teacher was asked to explain the sentence by the boy. We heard them talk about that film. →They were heard to talk about that film. * We heard them talking about ... →They were heard talking about that film. * It is said that… 据说 It is believed that…大家 (人们)相信 It is reported that…据报道 It is announced that…据宣 布 It is alleged that…据称 It is asserted that…有人承 It is assumed that…假设 (定) It is calculated that…据计 算 It is claimed that…有人声称 (主张) It is considered that…认为 It is declared that…据宣布、 It is demonstrated that…证 明 It is estimated that…估计 It is expected that…看来 It is found that…发现 It is generally agreed that…人们通常认为 It is generally considered that…大家认为 It is hoped that…希望 It is generally recognized that…一般(普遍)认为 It is hypothesized that…假 设(定) It is learned that…据说(闻) It is mentioned that…据说 It is noticed that…有人指出 It is predicted that…预计 It is preferred that…最好 It is proposed that…有人提 议 It is recommended that…建 议 It is rumored that…谣传 It is suggested that…有人 建议 It is supposed that…据推 测说 It is thought that…有人认 为 It is understood that… 不 用说,……是很明白的 It is universally accepted that…普遍认为 It is weighed that…考虑到, 权衡到 It is well known that …众所 周知,大家都知道 It has been arranged that… 准备/已经商定 It has been decided that… 已经决定 It has been illustrated that…据图示/据说明 It has been objected that …有人反驳说 It has been proved that… 已经证明 It has been showed that… 有人指出 It will be said that…有人会 说 It will be seen from this that…由此可知 It cannot be denied that… 无可否认 It can be seen that…可见 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以毫不夸张地说 It may be safely said that…可以有把握地说 It must be admitted that… 必须承认 It must be pointed out that…必须指出 It must be stressed that… 必须强调 1 S. + have/get + O. + p.p. I have my hair cut every month. We had the machine repaired. He got his leg broken in an accident. S. + have/get + O. + p.p. ①有意识的被动行为,执行者不 一定就是句子的主语。 ②无意识的被动行为,动作的执 行者不是句子的主语,相反受到 这种动作的影响。 2 S. + V. + P. The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes good. S.一般指物,系v.常为 smell, taste, sound, prove, feel, look … 3 S. + vi. +(adj./adv.) vi.:wear, blow, move, lock, shut, open, read, write, draw, wash, clean, burn, cook, make, work, photograph, eat, drink… The door blew open. The material has worn thin. His books sell well. The door won’t shut/lock. This kind of rice cooks quickly. She doesn’t photograph well. 4 sth. be worth doing sth. need/want/require doing sth. be worthy to be done sth. be worthy of doing sth. need/want to be done Your hands need washing. /to be washed. The pair of shoes wants mending. /to be mended. The machine requires The book is worth reading. The book is worthy to be read. The book is worthy of reading. “be + p.p.”结构若表示动作, 则是被动语态;若表示特点和 状态,则是系表结构,而不是 被动语态。 The composition is well written. The composition was written with great care. 英语中有些v.尽管是vt.,但从不用 于被动语态,如contain, cost, fit, lack, resemble, suit, 以及表 示“让、使“意思的 let, have, get等,这些动词都没有被动语态。 You won’t be let to go away now. X We won’t let you go away now. Exercise 1 modal verbs 1 “Must we do it now ?” “ No , you______.” A won’t B needn’t C can’t D don’t 2 He said he would rather not ___it right now. A doing B to do C do D to be doing 3 You ____to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. A needn’t to come B don’t need come C don’t need coming D needn’t come 4 “May I pick a flower in the garden?” “____.” A No, you needn’t B Not, please C No, you mustn’t D No, you won’t 5 You’d better ____late again. A don’t B not be C not being D won’t be 6 “Can I leave this door open at night?” “You ____better not.” A should B would C could D had 7 Put on more clothes. You ____be feeling cold with only a shirt on. A can B could C would D must 8 I thought you____ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. A may B might C could D must 9 There was plenty of time. She ____. A mustn’t have hurried B couldn’t have hurried C mustn’t not hurry D needn’t have hurried 10 The plant is dead. I ____it more water. A will gave B would have given C must give D should have given 11 It’s freezing outside. You ____put on your overcoat. A had better to B had better C would better D would better to 12 You ____ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. A can’t B mustn’t C needn’t D may not 13 Where is my pen? I ____ it. A might lose B would have lost C should have lost D must have lost 14 I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep. A must be B must have been C should be D should have been 15 He ____ you more help, even though he was very busy. A might have given B might given C may have given D may give 16 A computer ____ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A can’t B couldn’t C may not D might not 17--Could I borrow your dictionary? -- Yes, of course you ____. A might B will C can D should 18 Which ___ you ___ do, go to the cinema or stay at home? A do rather B would rather C will rather D should rather 19 Tom ought not to __ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A have told B tell C be telling D having told 20 Peter ___ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A must B may C can D will 21 “Shall I tell John about it?” “No, you ___. I’ve told him already.” A needn’t B wouldn’t C mustn’t D shouldn’t 22 I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I ___ for her. A had to write it out B must have written it out C should have written it out D ought to write it out 23 --There were already five people in the car but they manage to take me as well. --It ___ a comfortable journey. A can’t be B shouldn’t be C must have been D couldn’t have been 24 Johnny, you ___ play with the knife; you ___ hurt yourself. A won’t; can’t B mustn’t; may C shouldn’t; must D can’t; shouldn’t 答案: 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-24 BCDCB DDBDD BCDBA ACBAB ACDB Exercise 2 tense & voice of verbs 1. The first two factors must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence ____ (make). will be made / is to be made 2. I hope her health will have improved ________________ (improve) greatly by the time we come back next year. 3. While you were in London that year, the London Bridge was being repaired _________________ (repair). 4. I was shocked to hear that your house __________________ had been broken (break) into. 5. He said that he would be able to see me when he _________________ had written (write) that letter. 6. Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed ___________________ (wash). 7. I bought a new house, have not sold but I _________________ (not sell) my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. 8. John isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third has been time he ______________ (be) late, isn’t it? 9. John always works in his lab and makes a lot of experiments. He has been making (make) ________________ experiments all afternoon and ______________ has not finished (not finish) yet. 10. For the last two years, has been writing he _________________ (write) a history of The American Civil War. He will have completed it by the end of July. had 11. She ________ only ____________ (study) her studied lesson for ten minutes when her little sister interrupted her. 12. Officials warned consumers not to eat the apples that had been contaminated ____________________ (contaminate) by insecticides. had 13. No sooner ________ the words _______________ been spoken (speak) than he realized that he should have remained ______________________ (remain) silent. has been 14. It ____________ (be) very cold lately, but it’s beginning to get a bit warmer. 15. What a busy scene there! When we arrived at the airport, the goods were just being unloaded ____________________ (just unload). 16. I hope that everything I have told you ______ (not forget) by the next lesson. will not have been forgotten 17. I assure you that the matter ______________ will be attended (attend) to as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. 18. I was tired out because all day long I had been working ___________________ (work) very hard at the construction site. 19. When they go to the factory to have practice has not been told to ____________________ (not tell) them so far. 20. This time tomorrow will be sitting you ________________ (sit) here doing some more exercises.