Download to do

Sentence Structure
&
Research
Sergio Pizziconi
Plan of the day
Cp R WDYM
Library?
- Review
- Q&A
- Sentence
Structure
Plan
- Your Projects
EXTRA-CLASS work: read
Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to
make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN
letter]
Write your project proposal. [if you send your proposal by
email (recommended), pretend it is a “business letter”
addressed to me as if we had never met before]
[SUBMISSION DUE BY APRIL 19th]
Review: Phonology 1/1
Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw)
from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent
falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first
syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement
shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing):
proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/
voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)
Review: Morphology 1/1
ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+er N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and
most words)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence
 N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less
antonym help+ful //
Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) //
Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj)
Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj)
BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst //
Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced
Plural:
Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced //
Datum (sing.) Data (pl.)
Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)
Review: Syntax 1/3
Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object,
Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)//
AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS
to have (e.g., Things have changed)
BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few
constructions (e.g., are you finished?) //
Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to
engender (causare, determinare) //
Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +…..
Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form)
Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form)
N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE
IT instead of adding to do
Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) //
What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT)
What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????)
WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion
RIGHT: ????
Review: Syntax 2/3
Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United
States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands //
Once upon a time there was a small village in the country. The village
was…
In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for
possessive case and article]//
TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid)
INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying)
N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)
Review: Syntax 3/3
Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could,
might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to)
Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?)
Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t
go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go)
They do not take to before or after:
WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG
WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG
They do not take –s for 3° person singular
WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG
They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality:
Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK
I want TO focus/analyze
I would like TO focus/analyze
Review:
Pragmatics
1/1
Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you
later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying
“No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question.
Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening
expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting
[NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a
first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How
(are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.//
Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When
asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next
slide)//
Review: Pragmatics (Appendix)
Pragmatics:
Informal
Greetings
Intro
Parting after
first meeting
Sup?
Wassup?
What’s up?
How you doing?
How is it going?
“
Formal
How
are
you
doing
?
Good
morning/afternoon/e
vening
(very)
nice/glad/pleased to
meet you!
How do you do?
(very)
nice/glad/pleased
meeting you!
Review: Tools 1/1
Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal
dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency
of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of
prototypes //
Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or
.ac.edu (UK universities)
SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)
FOEs 1/4
- Information (uncountable: much information NOT many
informations , NOT an information)
- Economy Vs Economics
- Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against
dangerous actions)
- Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through
(space; means/tool)
- Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a
course/program/school)
- I study English Vs I study the English language
- Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form)
- A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university
An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.
FOEs 2/4
- I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school
I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school
- Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of)
- Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like
(+noun)
- Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In
fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero)
- Industry usually means productive sector. Plant,
factory (are the words for the place where things are
manufactured)
- When a word is not used because of its meaning but
as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb
can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The
verb can expresses
FOEs 3/4
• What’s wrong in the sentence below?
– Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission.
• You need a subject!
• Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form
(clause)…. [NOT: I am agree]
• A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT
for to keep in touch]
• Possessive case:
The doctor’s house
Vs X Dr. Smith’s house
The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice
BUT The child’s toy
Vs The children’s toy
BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book
FOEs 4/4 (charts)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fall – fell – fallen
WRONG: his trend is regular
RIGHT: ????
ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average)
Price varies according to volume
WRONG: It is steadily for the first part
RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high.
WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ????
WRONG: Before it varies
RIGHT: ????
PREPOSITIONS
IN June
ON May 23rd
April
May
DURING the month
June
AT the end
of June
Comparing/contrasting two quantities
W peaks at xx, which is significant compared
to/against Z
Parallel trends
W parallels Z …
Non-parallel (opposing) trends
W does not parallel Z
W and Z have opposite trends
Unrelated trends
W is not related to Z
General structure of the sentence
Circumstances
Links within the text
Textual markers
On what condition?
Why?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) How?
S
(Att)
V
Where?
When?
About the relation between interlocutors
Yesterday, Tom sent a book to Mary from the library for
her exam by email with a promise from Mary.
On what condition?
Why?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) How?
S
(Att)
V
Where?
When?
After they talked on the phone, Tom sent a book to
Mary where he was working for his dissertation to allow
her to study for her exam by using an email message
but he asked Mary to promise to return it.
On what condition?
Why?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) How?
S
(Att)
V
Where?
When?
Yesterday, Tom sent a book to Mary from the library for her
exam by email with Mary’s promise to return it.
SKODA OR FIAT?
 Skoda currently has three cultural identities.
 First, it is the industrial flagship of the Czech Republic and a vehicle of national pride
— a role that its German owners are careful to cultivate.
 Skoda’s second identity — a transition it has now completed — is as a profitable
division of Volkswagen. If Skoda’s heart is Czech, its head is German. Integrated
within Volkswagen’s management structure, the company follows the established VW
formula for success: performance-oriented management, cooperative labor relations,
utilitarian marketing and an emphasis on design.
 The third identity, just now emerging, is as a global brand, leapfrogging past the more
mainstream brands from countries with longer capitalist histories. Leapfrogging in itself
does not explain Skoda’s success. Cheap labor was also not the decisive factor (many
labor markets are less costly than the Czech Republic these days). Other factors
included Volkswagen’s precise school of management, the integration of Czech and
German corporate cultures, and the positioning of Skoda as a smart, rather than
cheap, buy. Probably the greatest factor of all was the deliberate appeal to pride —
pride in craft, pride in design, and general pride in company — in a culture and country
where that emotion had been in short supply for many years.
What’s wrong with this slide?
MUSTs & MUST-NOTs
MINIMUM MUSTs
MINIMUM MUST-NOTs
• MUST rephrase
• MUST NOT copy and paste
• MUST cite sources
• MUST NOT hide sources
• MUST circumscribe
your scope
• MUST NOT write your
paper in the slides
MUSTs for
MUST-NOTs for
“GOOD/HARD WORK” “GOOD/HARD WORK”
assessment
assessment
• MUST carry out YOUR • MUST NOT just repeat
OWN analysis
what other scholars wrote
About Projects 1/2
Regular path:
1) Choose one case study (Chp 2)
See Usage note in
Thefreedictionary
2) Compare the case in the text-book to/with (?) another case
that you will choose and on which you can also find some
related academic/professional sources
3) Write down a proposal by April 19th (email submission is
allowed if you cannot talk to me during office hours):
a) Name……
b) Textbook’s case
c) Other case [Just name it and report a relevant URL]
d) Why? What is your goal? [explain]
e) Sources [Bibliographic references of at least two
professional/academic articles]
About Projects 2/2
Individual path:
1) Think of your own interests (other classes you are taking,
your forte, your strongest suit, your hobby, something
weird you noticed)
2) Possibly compare two cases on which you can also find
some academic/professional sources
3) Write down a proposal by April 19th (email submission is
allowed if you cannot talk to me during office hours):
a) Name……
b) Your interest [Just name it]
c) The case/s [Just name it/them and report relevant URL/URLs]
d) Why? What is your goal? [explain]
e) Sources [Bibliographic references of at least three
professional/academic articles]
Research DISCLAIMER
• What follows is the most basic structure of
research.
• Each discipline has its own epistemology
• It might use different terms
• It might have fewer or more steps
Research
You observe some “weird” thing.
“All the characters in The Simpsons are
yellow. How come?”
Hypotheses:
1) The creators wanted to talk about human
beings without ethnic differences;
2) It’s to differentiate the show from other
cartoons
Literature review (secondary sources)
Data collection (primary sources)
Interpretation
STAGES of the
RESEARCH (long)
process
a) The Huh?!
stage
b) Preliminary
observation
c) Hypothesis/es
d) Literature
review
d) Data collection
e) Interpretation.