Download L1 Acquisition - Department of Linguistics and English Language

L1 Acquisition
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Difference between input and intake?
L1 Acquisition
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Son: Put it in the mikeywave.
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Father: In the mikeywave?
L1 Acquisition
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Son: Put it in the mikeywave.
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Father: In the mikeywave?
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Son: No, not the mikeywave, the mikeywave!
L1 Acquisition
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Son: Put it in the mikeywave.
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Father: In the mikeywave?
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Son: No, not the mikeywave, the mikeywave!
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What is going on in son's head?
L1 Acquisition
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Father: What do cows say?
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Son: Moo
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What do sheep say?
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Son: Baa
L1 Acquisition
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Father: What do cows say?
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Son: Moo
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What do sheep say?
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Son: Baa
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Father:What do buffalo say?
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Son: Pee (He saw one pee)
L1 Acquisition
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Father: What do cows say?
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Son: Moo
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What do sheep say?
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Son: Baa
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Father:What do buffalo say?
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Son: Pee (He saw one pee)
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What does say mean for the kid?
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: My truck bwoke
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Mom: You mean your truck broke?
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Kid: yeah, my truck bwoke
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: My truck bwoke
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Mom: You mean your truck broke?
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Kid: yeah, my truck bwoke
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Mom: No, say it right, it broke. Now what
happened to your truck?
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: My truck bwoke
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Mom: You mean your truck broke?
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Kid: yeah, my truck bwoke
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Mom: No, say it right, it broke. Now what
happened to your truck?
Kid: The wheel fell off.
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: My truck bwoke
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Mom: You mean your truck broke?
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Kid: yeah, my truck bwoke
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Mom: No, say it right, it broke. Now what
happened to your truck?
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Kid: The wheel fell off.
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What's going on here?
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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Mom: No, say nobody likes me
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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(Repeat this 8 times)
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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Mom: No, say nobody likes me
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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(Repeat this 8 times)
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Kid: Oh, nobody don't likes me!
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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Mom: No, say nobody likes me
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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(Repeat this 8 times)
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Kid: Oh, nobody don't likes me!
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What is going on?
L1 Acquisition
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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Mom: No, say nobody likes me
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Kid: Nobody don't like me
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(Repeat this 8 times)
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Kid: Oh, nobody don't likes me!
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What is going on?
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Kid's top down processing using his
underdeveloped grammar is interfering with
bottom up processing used in repetition
Zone of Proximal Development
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What someone is ready to learn
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Because they have the grammar and
vocabulary necessary to take the next step
Zone of Proximal Development
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What someone is ready to learn
–
Because they have the grammar and
vocabulary necessary to take the next step
–
L2 teachers teach at 1+ level
Zone of Proximal Development
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What someone is ready to learn
–
Because they have the grammar and
vocabulary necessary to take the next step
–
L2 teachers teach at 1+ level
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Kids can imitate what is in their ZPD, but not
what is beyond it
Zone of Proximal Development
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What someone is ready to learn
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Because they have the grammar and
vocabulary necessary to take the next step
–
L2 teachers teach at 1+ level
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Kids can imitate what is in their ZPD, but not
what is beyond it
•
The man who I say yesterday runs fast
–
The man who run fast (in ZPD)
Zone of Proximal Development
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What someone is ready to learn
–
Because they have the grammar and
vocabulary necessary to take the next step
–
L2 teachers teach at 1+ level
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Kids can imitate what is in their ZPD, but not
what is beyond it
•
The man who I say yesterday runs fast
–
•
The man who run fast (in ZPD)
The boy the chair hit was dirty
–
Boy hit the chair was dirty (beyond ZPD)
Innate vs. learned
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Are we prewired for language?
Or are we just smart and good at finding
patterns in language (and everything else
too)?
Innate vs. learned
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5 things necessary for an action to be innate
(Lenneberg, 1967)
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It occurs before it is necessary
Innate vs. learned
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5 things necessary for an action to be innate
(Lenneberg, 1967)
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It occurs before it is necessary
–
Not conscious or triggered
•
These suggest that cognition isn't important
Innate vs. learned
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5 things necessary for an action to be innate
(Lenneberg, 1967)
–
It occurs before it is necessary
–
Not conscious or triggered
•
•
These suggest that cognition isn't important
Does low IQ affect language?
Innate vs. learned
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5 things necessary for an action to be innate
(Lenneberg, 1967)
–
It occurs before it is necessary
–
Not conscious or triggered
–
Can‘t be taught
•
Do animals need to be taught to walk, chew,
mate, fly?
Innate vs. learned
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5 things necessary for an action to be innate
(Lenneberg, 1967)
–
It occurs before it is necessary
–
Not conscious or triggered
–
Can‘t be taught
•
•
Do animals need to be taught to walk, chew,
mate, fly?
So child directed speech (motherese) isn't
effective?
Innate vs. learned
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5 things necessary for an action to be innate
(Lenneberg, 1967)
–
It occurs before it is necessary
–
Not conscious or triggered
–
Can‘t be taught
•
•
•
Do animals need to be taught to walk, chew,
mate, fly?
So child directed speech (motherese) isn't
effective?
Do children learn L2 by just watching TV?
Child Directed Speech
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Example
Child Directed Speech
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Phonetics:
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special pronunciation of certain words (wabbit
vs. rabbit)
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higher pitch
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greater range of frequencies
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slower rate of speech
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clearer enunciation
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emphasis on one or two words
Child Directed Speech
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Grammar:
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reduction or non-existence of inflections
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the use of an all-purpose auxiliary: English
make, go
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avoidance of first and second person
pronouns (Baby is finished? or Mommy is
coming)
Child Directed Speech
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Grammar:
–
reduction or non-existence of inflections
–
the use of an all-purpose auxiliary: English
make, go
–
avoidance of first and second person
pronouns (Baby is finshed? or Mommy is
coming)
–
omission of the copula
–
more grammatically correct usage
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more grammatically simple phrases
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shorter phrases
Child Directed Speech
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Vocabulary:
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set of words very small: 100 –150 words in
many languages
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semantic fields: kin, body, qualities, animals,
food and games
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substitutions
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diminutives
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use of child's own forms
Child Directed Speech
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Conversational features
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more restricted topics
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more repetitions
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more questions/fewer declaratives
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repetitions, expansions, recasts
Child Directed Speech
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Five functions of language
•
•
•
•
•
–Affection
–Control
–Information
–Pedagogy
–Social exchange
Child Directed Speech
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Five functions of language
•
•
•
•
•
–Affection
–Control
–Information
–Pedagogy
–Social exchange
What percentage of each in CDS?
Child Directed Speech
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Five functions of language
•
•
•
•
•
–Affection
–Control
–Information
–Pedagogy
–Social exchange
33
26
20
15
7
What percentage of each in CDS?
Child Directed Speech
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Does CDS help learning?
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or should you speak to kids like adults?
Child Directed Speech
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Gestures
–
Main finding: gesturing by parents leads to
gesturing by infants which leads to
•
•
•
•
Vocabulary use at 1;2 years
Vocabulary growth over time
Scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
(PPVT) at 2;5 years
children who use gesture put words together
faster
Child Directed Speech
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Intonation
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CDS intonation has been found to help
•
•
•
Word segmentation
Understanding of complex syntax
Interest in the speech
Child Directed Speech
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Lexicon
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Parents who heavily use CDS have children
with larger vocabularies and faster vocabulary
growth over time .
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These children also end up having better
reading comprehension abilities at age 10
Child Directed Speech
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Syntax
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Children whose parents use less complex
syntax, can learn syntax better
Child Directed Speech
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Pragmatics
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CDS interactions can encourage the child to
think of language as a social interaction, which
involves turn-taking and politeness routines.
Child Directed Speech
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So is language taught or not?
Child Directed Speech
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So is language taught or not?
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If so, then it may not be innate
Child Directed Speech
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What affects use of CDS?
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Socioeconomic status
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Gender
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Race
Child Directed Speech
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Socioeconomic status
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Less advantaged parents tend to talk less and
use less varied vocabulary with their children
Child Directed Speech
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Gender
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Fathers have more difficulty comprehending
their children‟s speech
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Fathers tend to talk less when interacting with
children, and use more directives, which
indicates a more authoritarian style
–
Fathers are thought to use more
“sophisticated” lexicons with children than
mothers
Child Directed Speech
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Gender
–
Interaction with mothers typically involves
caretaking activities, whereas father-child
interaction is predominated by play activities
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Fathers have shorter mutual dialogues with
their children
–
Fathers respond less frequently to a child's
requests
Child Directed Speech
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Socioeconomic status
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Use of rare words (less frequent)
•
•
•
professional class parents used more rare terms
than working class parents
professional class fathers used more rare terms
than mothers
working class fathers used fewer than working
class mothers.
Child Directed Speech
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Socioeconomic status
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Use of interrogatives
•
•
•
Professional class parents used more question
words than working class parents.
Professional fathers used more question words
than professional mothers
Working class fathers used fewer question
words than working class mothers
Child Directed Speech
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Culture
–
Italians, French, Japanese, German, British
and American
–
Who used CDS most? Least?
Child Directed Speech
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Culture
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Pitch differences for CDS and nonCDS speech
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Babbling: 6-10 months
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One-word stage: 12 month
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Two-word stage: 18 month
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Complex speech: 36 months
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Babbling Example
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Larynx is high in throat
•
–
Larynx descends during first year
•
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swallowing and breathing possible at same time
This allows speech sounds
Babbling is experimenting with speech sounds
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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One-word stage
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Mainly nouns
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Dealing with immediate environment
Steps in L1 Acquisition
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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What do kids at one-word stage understand?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Look, Cookie Monster is tickling Big Bird
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Experimenting with babies
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Two word stage
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18-24 months
–
telegraphic speech (no function words)
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Two word stage: kinds of sentences
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Identification: ―See doggie
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Location: ―Book there
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Repetition: ―More milk
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Nonexistence: ―All gone thing
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Two word stage: kinds of sentences
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Negation: ―Not wolf
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Possession: ―My doggy
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Attribution: ―Big car
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Agent-action: ―Mama walk
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Action-direct object: ―Hit you
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Two word stage: kinds of sentences
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Action-indirect object: ―Give Papa
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Action-instrument: ―Cut knife
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Question: ―Where ball?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Is two-word speech grammatical?
–
Word order is normal
•
•
Daddy go *go Daddy
*Big he
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Complex grammar (36 months)
–
How many words do kids know?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Complex sentences
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Kathryn no like celery
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Baby doll ride truck
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Pig say oink
–
Want lady get chocolate
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Complex sentences
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Kathryn no like celery
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Baby doll ride truck
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Pig say oink
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Want lady get chocolate
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What do they know?
●
What do they lack?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Formulas used in acquisition
–
Mom: Do you like pizza?
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Kid: You like pizza
•
Formula: You-like-pizza
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Mom: Do you like pizza?
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Kid: no, I like candy
•
Formula: {subject} like {object}
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Formulas used in acquisition
–
Mom: Look at the bird.
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Kid: Mommy, look at the dog.
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Kid: Mommy, look at.
•
Formula: look-at
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Order of acquisition of morphemes (English)
1. -ing
2. Plural –s
3. Possessive –’s
4. 3rd person singular –s
5. Past marker –ed
6. Future marker ‘will’
7. Verb ‘to be’ (is, are)
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Order of acquisition of morphemes (English)
1. -ing
2. Plural –s
3. Possessive –’s
4. 3rd person singular –s
5. Past marker –ed
6. Future marker ‘will’
7. Verb ‘to be’ (is, are)
Why these?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Order of acquisition of morphemes (English)
1. -ing
2. Plural –s
3. Possessive –’s
4. 3rd person singular –s
5. Past marker –ed
6. Future marker ‘will’
7. Verb ‘to be’ (is, are)
Why these?
regularity, productivity, frequency, #
allomorphs
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Are there gender differences?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Are there gender differences?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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How can we figure out what is in a kids
grammar?
–
Wug test!
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Learning irregulars-U shaped curve
1. went
men
worst
2. goed
mans
baddest
3. wented mens
worstest
4. went
worst
men
% correct starts high, goes down, then back up
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Learning irregulars-U shaped curve
–
Why?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Learning irregulars-U shaped curve
–
Why?
•
•
•
Forms learned by rote-unanalyzed
General pattern learned-overregularization
Exceptions to pattern learned
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Learning irregulars-U shaped curve
–
Why?
•
•
•
Forms learned by rote-unanalyzed
General pattern learned-overregularization
Exceptions to pattern learned
•
•
Most frequent verb are irregular
Larger vocabulary includes more regulars
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Overgeneralization
J: There's somebody at the door.
M: There's no body at the door.
J: There's yes body at the door.
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Overgeneralization
J: There's somebody at the door.
M: There's no body at the door.
J: There's yes body at the door.
F: Don't interrupt
J: Your interring up!
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Overgeneralization
English:
•
•
yes: yep
no: nope
•
si: sip
Spanish
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Acquisition of negatives
–
Stage 1 18-26 months
•
Add no or not to beginning of sentence
–
–
–
No sit here
Not teddy bear
No fall
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Acquisition of negatives
–
Stage 1 18-26 months
•
Add no or not to beginning of sentence
–
–
–
–
No sit here
Not teddy bear
No fall
Stage 2 22-30 months
•
Add not, not, don't can't before verb
–
–
–
He no bite you
There no squirrels
You can't dance
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Acquisition of negatives
–
Stage 3 23-40 months
•
Add not, not, don't, can't,didn't, won't before verb
–
–
–
•
I didn't caught it
He not taking it
She won't let go
Putting no, not before sentence no longer done
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Acquisition of questions
–
Stage 1 18-26 months
•
•
Put Wh- words at beginning of sentence
Use rising intonation
–
–
–
Where kitty?
Where horse go?
Sit chair?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Acquisition of questions
–
Stage 2 22-30 months
•
More Wh-words added (why, how)
–
–
Why you smiling?
You want eat?
Steps in L1 Acquisition
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Acquisition of questions
–
Stage 3 24-40 months
•
•
•
Verb subject inversion used
Wh-words aren't always inverted
Do beginning to be used
–
–
–
–
–
Can I have a piece?
How that happened?
Did I caught it?
What did you do?
Why kitty can't stand up?
Phonological Acquisition
●
Newborn babies turn toward mother's voice
–
Especially if filtered through water
Phonological Acquisition
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Newborn babies turn toward mother's voice
–
●
Especially if filtered through water
Babies cries imitated language's intonation
Phonological Acquisition
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Newborn babies turn toward mother's voice
–
Especially if filtered through water
●
Babies cries imitated language's intonation
●
Babies suck pacifier more to new sounds
Phonological Acquisition
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Newborn babies turn toward mother's voice
–
●
●
Especially if filtered through water
Babies cries imitated language's
intonationBabies suck pacifier more to new
sounds
By 1 year babies only attend to native
language sounds
–
Japanese babies don't distinguish [r] and [l]
–
English babies do
Phonological Acquisition
●
Babies learn intonation first (Video)
Is language innate?
●
It occurs before it is necessary
●
Follows milestones
●
Can’t be taught
●
●
Everyone member of the species can learn the
language
There is a critical period
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Intelligence doesn't matter
●
Children don't need explicit instruction
●
There is a critical period
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Intelligence doesn't matter
–
Christopher (Neil Smith, 1995)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Non-verbal IQ of 60
Cannot tie shoes or live on his own
Can speak 16 different languages.
Learned Dutch on the way to an talk show
interview through reading a book
Learned Hindi from brother-in-law just by
listening to him speak
Video
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Williams's syndrome
–
Cardiovascular problems
–
Loss of genes that affect brain development
and protein uptake
–
Elfin facial features
–
Disabilities in spatial abilities, math, cognitive
reasoning
–
Inability to capture wholistic understanding of
events
–
IQ ranging from 40 to 60
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Williams's syndrome
–
Exaggerated prosody and tone
–
Extensive vocabularies
•
when asked to name animals, name yak, ibex,
and other exotic animals before naming things
like dog, cat, etc.
–
Extensive abilities to write, speak, and
describe stories
–
Normal phonological memory
–
Video
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Williams's syndrome
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Williams's syndrome
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Genetic language impairment
–
Affect half of family members
•
Loss of grammatical ability:
–
–
–
•
•
She remembered when she hurts herself the other
day.
The boys eat four cookie
Carol is cry in the church.
Loss of comprehension
Unable to carry out complex commands and
understand complexities in language
Evidence that language is innate?
The lady
pointing to tree
and man is
watch her. The
ambulance
come along
because man
fall off the tree
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Genetic language impairment
–
Affect half of family members
•
Involves the FOXP2 gene
•
Is this the language gene?
Evidence that language is innate?
●
Genetic language impairment
–
Affect half of family members
•
Involves the FOXP2 gene
•
Is this the language gene?
• No, it affects the heart and lungs too.
• No, it is found in mice too
• Many genes involved
Evidence that language is innate?
●
No input needed
–
Case: Input is inconsistent, not complete
–
Case: Input is not a “full” language (pidgin)
–
Case: Input is absent (Invented sign language)
Evidence that language is innate?
●
No input needed
–
Case: Input is inconsistent, not complete
•
•
Simon-deaf
Parent learned ASL late
–
•
•
They were very bad signers
Used signed English in school
Simon's ASL is fluent (not like his parents)
Evidence that language is innate?
●
No input needed
–
Case: Pidgins
•
Making up new language to communicate
Evidence that language is innate?
●
No input needed
–
Case: Inventing a language (video)
Evidence that language is innate?
●
There is a critical period for language
–
Hemispherectomies (removal of half the brain)
•
•
•
Adults never fully recover language
Children under 6 fully recover language
Children between 6 and 12 mixed results
Evidence that language is innate?
●
There is a critical period for language
–
Aphasia
•
•
For kids under six language moves to right side
For kids over six it doesn't
Evidence that language is innate?
●
There is a critical period for language
–
Feral children
•
Genie: no language until 13
Evidence that language is innate?
●
There is a critical period for language
–
Genie: no language until 13
•
•
Phonology: not normal
Syntax:
–
–
–
At school teacher give block
No get book
(no passive voice0
Evidence that language is innate?
●
There is a critical period for language
–
Isabelle: hidden by psycho mom until 6
•
–
At 7 her speech was normal
Chelsea: deaf woman supposed retarded
•
•
Given hearing aids at 31
Terrible language
–
–
Breakfast eating girl
Banana the eat