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Twelve Olympians
Wu Shiyu
古希腊的神话和艺术是人类童年时代的美丽的
诗，具有永久性的魅力。
---------马克思
这是一个毫无掩饰的时代。人类的文明尚未筑
起羞耻之墙。几乎所的神祗都是要哭就哭，要笑就
笑，一切都是那么率真，七情六欲袒露无遗。
奥林匹亚山的十二主神
Zeus (Jupiter)
Hera (Juno)
Poseidon (Neptune)
Demeter（Ceres）
Apollo
Athena (Minerva)
Artemis (Diana)
Hestia(Vesta)
Ares (Mars)
Aphrodite (Venus)
Hephaestus (Vulcan)
Hades
Dionysus
Hermes (Mercury)
Olympians: Apollo and Artemis
Zeus (king of the god)
Leto (minor goddess)
Apollo and Artemis
Twin sisters
Birth Story
Jealousy of Hera
place to give birth
Island of Delos
Ilithya, necklace
Clasping a palm tree
The twins
Apollo and Artemis
God Apollo
God of:
Arts: music, poetry
Preside over the nine Muses
Lire
Creative ability
Representing Culture
Swan-drawn chariot
云上的日子
That hour then
And all day long till the sun went down they feasted
And no god’s hunger lacked a share of the handsome banquet
Or the gorgeous lyre Apollo struck or the Muses singing
Voice to voice in choirs, their vibrant music rising.
At last, when the sun’s fiery had set,
Each immortal went to rest in his own house,
The splendid high halls Hephaestus built for each
With all his craft and cunning, the famous crippled Smith.
And Olympian Zeus the lord of lightning went to his own bed
Where he had always lain when welcome sleep came on him.
There he climbed and there he slept and by his side
Lay Hera the Queen, the goddess of the golden throne.
------Homer’s Iliad
The Story of Ass’ Ear
Asia Minor
Musical contest with rustic Pan
Tmolos, judge
Played in turn
Rustic reed-pipes, lyre
In favor of Apollo, Midas
Ear of an ass
Burst, relieved dig, whisper, ground
Reeds grew up, rustled wind, all the world
Hippocrates：The Oath of Medicine
I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius,
Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all
the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according
to my ability and my judgment, the following
Oath and agreement: ….
God of Medicine
Hygieia
Asclepius
Apollo
Panacea
Apollo and Asclepius
Koronis, washing feet, Lake Boibias
Mistress, conceived a child to him
Secret love affair, Ischys
Artemis, neighbors, Flame, funeral-pyre
Snatch it, womb, Crow, messenger
Centaur Cheiron, the art of medicine
Revive the dead, the established order
Dispatched Asclepius to Hades, thunderbolt,
Apollo killed Cyclopes who made thunderbolt
Guilty of bloodshed,
Zeus ordered serve mortal, serf
Admetos, just and considerate master
Cattle, twins every birth
Bride, Alkestis, yoke a lion, a boar
Artemis, Moirai, die, in his place
No one, his wife, wifely devotion
Heracles, Thanatos
Unhappy love
With Marpessa (Idas)
Cassandra (Priam)
Daphne (laurel)
Hyakinthos (discuz)
Apollo (II)
“太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)的理性与酒神狄俄尼索
斯（Dionysus）非理性的张力是整个希腊文化原
动力之一。”
----Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy
The Deity of Apollo
Lyre
God of:
Arts: music, poetry,…
Leader of Muses
Creative ability
Representing
Culture
God Apollo
God of:
Sun
Youth
Medicine
Healing
(Phoibos) Apollo
Arrow; quiver
Still god of
Sudden death for men
Inflict Plague and death
Strike from afar
“他（阿波罗）随即坐在远离船舶的地方射箭，
银弓发出令人心惊胆战的弦声。
他首先射向骡子和那些健跑的狗群，
然后把利箭对准人群不断放射。
焚化尸首的柴薪烧了一层又一层。”
-----荷马史诗《伊利亚特》
Apollo: God of Prophecy
The most important aspect:
God of prophecy
Delphic oracle (Delphi)
Sacred to Apollo
Apollo’s role as a god of
who provides prophecy
for humans is central to
our understanding of him
Delphi: the omphalos and tripod
The Oracle of Delphi
Pythia, priestess, trance-like state
Ecstasy
Virgin of Delphian birth
Dressed like a girl
Translated verse-form
by Priest
Video
Delphic Oracle
Attracted Greeks and non-Greeks
Consult the oracle
about things, big or small,
public or private
Oedipus the king
Croesus
Socrates
Later stories
An order in the world
Apollo knows and foreknows this order
Tell you what will happen in the future
Apollo: God of reason and moderation
Carved on the temple:
“Know thyself”
“Nothing in Excess”
Association with
reason and with
moderation.
Crucial to understanding
of Greek culture
Know Thyself
Remember:
what kind of a creature you are;
your limitations;
above all else that you are not a god.
The Universe
The Story of Niobe
The Story of Niobe
Niobe: queen of Thebes,
mother of 14 children
Greater than Leto (goddess)
worshiped instead of Leto
Apollo and Artemis shoot
Cliff face, water running down
Eternal tears
Lessons to learn
Humans by definition vulnerable to death
14 children today, not tomorrow
Human, die at any moment
Leto’s two children, god
Do not transgress
Story of Phaethon
Human good fortune unstable
Changeable, unstable,
disappear in the blink of an eye
Follow reason, nothing in excess, know yourself
Two maxims connected.
Excess---- not know yourself
Address by Jobs
Immortal and Mortal
"If you live each day as if it was your last,
someday you'll most certainly be right."
No one wants to die. Even people who want to
go to heaven don‘t want to die to get there. And
yet death is the destination we all share. No one
has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be,
because Death is very likely the single best
invention of Life…”
-----Steve Jobs
Immortal and Mortal
Eos, the dawn goddess
Affair with the human Tithonos
Enjoyed him so much
Make him immortal
Failed ageless
Continue to age
Nothing left but a voice
Complaining voice
A back chamber
Immortal and Mortal
Attempt to gain immortality
Result in total disaster
Sybil, a female lover of Apollo
Asked for as many years of life as there were
grains of sand on the shore of sea
This was granted
But eternal youth was left out
Grows older and older
Withered away into a little thing sits in cage
几个问题
1.古希腊神话里对“人”的思考，比如本课所讲
的人与神的区别，还有斯芬克斯之谜里的问题；
2.古希腊文明所体现的理性，自省与其悲剧意识
和这一文明的创造性的思考。
Hubris or hybris
Humans must avoid hubris
A word come into English from Greek.
What is hubris? Implications for our life.
Refer to presentations
Pay your price for your hubris.
The story of Croesus
Persian king, Xerxes
Artemis: her twins’ opposite
God of moon
Huntress
Wild beasts
Protector of
young species
Sudden death of
women
The story of Actaeon
The story of Actaeon
The story of Actaeon
The story of Actaeon
A great hunter (Thebes)
Hunting with his friends
Wandering through woods
Surrounded a lake
Artemis, nymphs bathing
Unintentionally, by mistake
Stag, animal body, human
mind
Own hounds tear to shreds
Most dreadful story
Mistress of wild beasts
Protector of young babies
including of humans
Protector of childbirth
Protector of
childbirth
Forever virgins:
Artemis, Athena
and Hestia
Is it contradictory?
Identify women
with nature, men
with culture.
In Greek culture
Women were submissive
Male dominant
Rejecting domination by a male because of her
essential wildness
Her rejection of sexuality illustrates the danger
of crossing a god or transgressing the
boundaries between humans and gods.
The story of Actaeon
Know Thyself
Nothing in Excess
Hubris
Know your own limitations as fallible mortal
and then exercise moderation because you are
mortal.
阿波罗神谕的两句话和Hybris这一概念都反应了
古希腊文明深刻中的一贯主题，并且还在这一文
明的各种艺术形式里，被反复演绎和发展，比如
，在神话、哲学、史诗和悲剧以及它们的历史学
等。
“做一个能自制的人，。。。才能成为最高尚、
最幸福和最有推理能力的人。”
史学之父希罗多德则在《历史》里反复提及，“
我们头上的神是非常嫉妒的，并且很喜欢干扰人
间”，由此来使人认识“自知”和“适度”的重
要。这些理念，深刻地体现出古希腊文明理性、
厚重和深刻的特点。
The First Generation
十二个提坦
神
盖亚（大地母）
乌兰诺斯
（Uranus）
三个独眼巨
神
三个百臂巨
神