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Processes in KaffeOS:
Isolation, Resource Management,
and Sharing in Java
Godmar Back
Wilson Hsieh
Jay Lepreau
School of Computing
University of Utah
School of Computing
Janos Project
Motivation

Java Applications
– Untrusted code: possibly malicious or buggy
– Multiple applications on behalf of multiple users

Efficient use of resources
– Resource-constrained environments: “small” systems
(handhelds, embedded systems)
– Increased scalability
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What is KaffeOS

A Java operating system:
– Enhanced JVM that provides operating system functionality

Features:
– Separation
– Resource management
– Direct sharing

Focus on memory (GC) and CPU management

Architectural concepts taken from OS

Mechanisms taken from garbage collection
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Current Options
-
Multiple apps in
one JVM
App1
App2
App3
JVM
Base OS
-
One app per
JVM in different
OS processes
App1
App2
App3
JVM
JVM
JVM
Base OS
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Java Operating System
App1
App2
App3
App4
Java OS
Base OS
+ Good separation
+ Good resource management
+ Allows some direct sharing
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KaffeOS Design Principles

Process separation

Full reclamation of memory

Precise memory and CPU accounting

Direct sharing

Safe termination of processes

Hierarchical memory management
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Process Separation

Protecting access to a process’s objects
– Via Java type safety, via Java name spaces

Define a user/kernel boundary
– Protect integrity of kernel
– Guarantee safe termination [HotOS ’99]

Separation of resources
– Memory, CPU, garbage collection
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Heap Structure (user heaps)
user heap
user heap
user heap
kernel heap
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Full Reclamation

Assumption: do not have MMU to unmap memory
– Rely on garbage collection to free objects

References can make objects unreclaimable
– Define and enforce set of rules for writes that create references

Define heap structure
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Heap Structure (user heaps)
X
user heap
user heap
user heap
kernel heap
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Enforcing Heap Structure

Certain cross-heap pointers are illegal
– User-user pointers are illegal

Use GC “write barrier” to enforce
– Check heaps on every write
– Throw SegmentationViolationError if illegal

Small cost on legal write (common case)
– Microbenchmarks (tight loop, hot cache)
» 41 cycles without memory overhead
» 25 cycles with slight memory overhead
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Memory and CPU Accounting

Accurate and complete per-process accounting
– Minimize number of objects on kernel heap
– Minimize amount of time spent in kernel code

Separate garbage collection
– Minimize unaccounted resource use
– Avoid priority inversion
– Maintain isolation
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Heap Structure (separate GC)
user heap
user heap
user heap
xv
e
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kernel heap
13
Heap Structure (resolving cycles)
user heap
user heap
user heap
user heap
user heap
kernel heap
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Direct Sharing

As Interprocess Communication Mechanism

Objects may contain pointers to other objects
– Preserve Java model

Accounting of shared objects
– Sharers are all charged for shared heaps: double charging
– Non-double charging does not work

Reclamation
– As soon as garbage collector detects that nothing on shared heap
is referenced
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Heap Structure (shared heaps)
user heap
user heap
user heap
X
shared heap
shared heap
kernel heap
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Performance Results

Overhead for well-behaved applications
– SpecJVM98 benchmarks: 2-8%

Comparing
– IBM JDK 1.1.8
– Base JVM: Kaffe (www.kaffe.org)
» Current version: Kaffe00 (June 2000)
– KaffeOS with unoptimized write barrier
– KaffeOS with optimized write barrier (memory overhead)
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SpecJVM Performance of KaffeOS
70
KaffeOS
KaffeOS
unoptimized WB optimized WB
GC Time
60
Kaffe00
Run Time
Seconds
50
40
IBM JDK1.1.8
30
20
10
0
compress
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jess
db
javac
mpegaudio
mtrt
jack
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MemHog DoS Scenario

Off-the-shelf Servlet engine
– Linux 2.2.x w/ 256MB, Apache 1.3.12, JServ 1.1, JSDK 2.0

How would we deal with this?
– Run 1 servlet per IBM JVM (IBM/1)
– Run all servlets on one IBM JVM (IBM/n)
– Run each servlet in a KaffeOS process
IBM/1
IBM/N
KaffeOS
IBM/1, MemHog
IBM/N, MemHog
KaffeOS, MemHog
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Service Under DoS Attack
10000
IBM/1
IBM/n
KaffeOS
IBM/1,MemHog
IBM/n,MemHog
1000
Seconds
KaffeOS,MemHog
100
10
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Servlets
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Related Work

Other Java Operating Systems
– J-Kernel/JRes [Hawblitzel ’98, Czajkowski ‘98],
Alta [Tullmann ‘99], Java Nucleus [van Doorn ’00]

Java VM extensions
– Multiprocess JVM [Balfanz ‘98], IBM [Dillenberger ‘00], Oracle 8i

Java language extensions
– Luna [Hawblitzel]
– Java Realtime Extensions [Sun ‘00]

Operating Systems
– Opal [Chase ‘94]
– Pilot [Redell et al. ‘80], Cedar [Swineheart et al. ‘86],
– Spin [Bershad ‘95], Inferno [Dorward et al. ‘97]
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Ongoing Work & Open Issues

Running other DoS attacks
– GarbageHog: allocate and abandon lots of memory
– CPUHog: execute for too long

Create bigger applications that use direct sharing
model for IPC

Demonstrate safe termination claim experimentally
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Summary

Java operating systems are necessary to support
untrusted Java applications efficiently

KaffeOS
– Architectural concepts taken from operating systems
– Mechanisms taken from garbage collection
» Distributed GC
» Write barriers

Big issue: dealing with memory/GC

Resource-based denial-of-service attacks can be
stopped
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