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IBM’s VM Operating System Keith Starling Overview • Released by International Business Machines (IBM) in 1972 • Each login creates a virtual machine (guest) – Each guest can run another Operating System – Ideal for development and migration • Updated for 64-bit and Linux in 2000 Control Program • Responsible for device mapping – Real – Shared – Simulated • Dispatches guests to Central Processing Units (CPUs) Modern VM Usage (International Business Machines, September 2004) Processor Modes • Two processor modes – Supervisor – Problem • Set in the Program-Status Word, bit 15 • Determines which instructions can be run – Unprivileged – Semiprivileged – Privileged Multiprocessing • Supported at multiple levels – Real multiprocessing • VM itself runs on multiple processors – Virtual multiprocessing • Each guest can have up to 64 virtual CPUs Memory Model (Geiselhart et al., May 2003) CPU Scheduling • Two time slices – Elapsed Time Slice – Dispatch (Minor) Time Slice • Four Classifications – Class 0 – Immediate Processor Access – Class 1 – Interactive Tasks – Class 2 – Non-Interactive Tasks – Class 3 – Resource-Intensive Tasks CPU Scheduling (Cont.) • Three lists – Dormant – Eligible – Dispatch • Processes compete for CPU for their Elapsed Time Slice – Run on CPU for Dispatch Time Slice – Compete according to priority CPU Scheduling (Cont.) • Determining Elapsed Time Slices – Class 1 Elapsed Time Slice starts at 1.2 sec • Increases or decreases as system runs – (50ms < t < 16 sec) – Class 0 Time Slice is 6 times Class 1 – Class 2 Time Slice is 8 times Class 1 – Class 3 Time Slice is 48 times Class 1 • Dispatch Time Slice determined at initialization CPU Scheduling (Cont.) (Geiselhart et al., May 2003) Summary • Robust Environment for OS development and clustering • Attachment to IBM’s z/Architecture allows hardware to perform or optimize some OS tasks • Unfortunately, attachment to mainframe hardware increases price Bibliography • • • • • • • “IBM: About the z/VM Operating System.” URL: http://www.vm.ibm.com/overview/ “IBM: VM History and Heritage References.” URL: http://www.vm.ibm.com/history/ Geiselhart, G., Dupin, L., George, D., van der Heij, R., Langer, J., Norris, G., Robbins, D., Robinson, B., Sansoni, G., Thoss, S. (May 2003). “Linux on IBM eServer zSeries and S/390: Performance Measurement and Tuning, IBM Redbook.” URL: http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246926.pdf International Business Machines (May 2004). “z/Architecture Principles of Operation.” URL: http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/dz9zr003.pdf International Business Machines (September 2004). “Getting Started with Linux on zSeries: Version 5 Release 1.0.” URL: http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/hcsx0b00.pdf Starling Jr., Robert Keith. Personal Interview. November 19, 2005. WRAL: Local Tech Wire (July 27, 2005). “Introducing the z9: IBM Unveils $1.2 Billion Successor to Its T-Rex Mainframe.” URL: http://www.localtechwire.com/article.cfm?u=11904